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1

Strefa Schengen a Karta Polaka

100%
Siekiera J.
Prawo
|
2015
|
issue 318
179 - 189
EN
The purpose of writing this article is to present two legal solutions, of a great value from the national and European perspective: the Schengen Area and the Polish Card. Both of these instruments operate in parallel in internal and international legal orders. What appears important here is their legal relation for the Polish citizens moving within the European Union. The relations between those two institutions are not sufficiently analysed, which might raise doubts among Poles and people of the Polish origin, or representatives of public administration. The Polish Card (also called the Polish Charter), being the latest instrument of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was issued in 2007. It provides legal assistance to the Polish diaspora in Eastern Europe, while the Schengen Agreement from 1985 relates to migration processes in the majority of Western European countries. One cannot miss the rising dependence of the European Union on its neighbours, as well as increase in migration needs in modern Europe.
2
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Conformity of the Act on the Polish Card with International Law from the Perspective of the Constitutional Court of Belarus

100%
Burek W.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
|
2019
|
vol. 39
187-207
EN
With the Act on the Polish Card Poland followed the pattern of some European states (mostly Central and Eastern European ones) of enacting specific domestic legislation conferring special treatment and benefits to persons who are recognized as its kin-minorities. The most important analysis of this phenomenon from the perspective of international law was the 2001 Venice Commission’s report entitled “Report on the Protection of National Minorities by their Kin-State.” The Polish legislation was adopted in 2007, so for obvious reasons it was not considered by the Venice Commission. However, a rather unexpected and unusual examination of the Polish kin-state legislation from the perspective of international law came from Belarus. The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Belarus (CCRB) conducted a comprehensive examination of the Act on the Polish Card in 2011. The main aim of this article is to present and comment on the reasoning of the CCRB. Beginning with the broader context, this article starts with a presentation of the origins and a short description of the Act on the Polish Card, followed by a discussion of why the Polish Card and other kin-state legislation instruments are topics of concern in international law. The main part of the article is devoted to the presentation and assessment of the 2011 CCRB decision on the Act on the Polish Card. The author’s assessment confirms at least some of the concerns put forward by the CCRB, i.e., that both the Act on the Polish Card and the practice based on it contradict some norms and principles of international law, namely the principle of territorial sovereignty, the norms of consular law, and several bilateral treaties in force between these two states. Bearing in mind that despite those concerns more than a quarter-million Polish Cards (also sometimes called Pole’s Cards) have been issued so far by the Polish authorities, the article ends with a discussion of why such a prolonged nonconformity with international law is possible.
3
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Karta Polaka jako instrument polityki łączności z zagranicznymi rodakami w latach 2008–2020

84%
Hut P.
Przegląd Europejski
|
2021
|
vol. 1
203-215
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ocena procesu budowania więzi łączącej zagranicznych Polaków z historyczną ojczyzną oraz wskazanie ewentualnych zmian w obowiązujących przepisach, które ograniczają efektywność Karty Polaka. Autor analizuje przesłanki i okoliczności wprowadzenia do krajowego systemu prawnego Karty Polaka. W pierwszej części przedstawiono czynniki, których skutkiem były masowe przesiedlenia po II wojnie światowej i po 1990r. Dalej zrekonstruowano debatę nad założeniami ustawy o Karcie Polaka, argumenty krytyczne oraz dane statystyczne. W kolejnej części przedstawiono zmiany prawne wprowadzone po 10 latach od uchwalenia ustawy o Karcie Polaka. W podsumowaniu zawarto ocenę i prognozy dotyczące Karty Polaka.
EN
The aim of this article is to assess of the process of creating the communication of Poland with foreign compatriots and to identify the possible changes in Polish law, which is limiting the efficiency of the Polish Card now. The author presents the analysis of premisses and circumstances of the introduction the Polish Card to the domestic legal system. In the first part of the article we will find the analysis of the factors resulted mass-resettlements after the World War II and after 1990. The discussion on assumptions of the Polish Card Act, critical arguments and statistical data will be presented in the next part of the article. In the further part the legal changes introduced after 10 years since passed the Polish Card Act will be analysed. Conclusions include assessment and forecasts of the Polish Card.
4

Karta Polaka jako instrument polityki łączności z zagranicznymi rodakami w latach 2008–2020

84%
Hut P.
Przegląd Europejski
|
2021
|
issue 1(59)
203-215
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ocena procesu budowania więzi łączącej zagranicznych Polaków z historyczną ojczyzną oraz wskazanie ewentualnych zmian w obowiązujących przepisach, które ograniczają efektywność Karty Polaka. Autor analizuje przesłanki i okoliczności wprowadzenia do krajowego systemu prawnego Karty Polaka. W pierwszej części przedstawiono czynniki, których skutkiem były masowe przesiedlenia po II wojnie światowej i po 1990r. Dalej zrekonstruowano debatę nad założeniami ustawy o Karcie Polaka, argumenty krytyczne oraz dane statystyczne. W kolejnej części przedstawiono zmiany prawne wprowadzone po 10 latach od uchwalenia ustawy o Karcie Polaka. W podsumowaniu zawarto ocenę i prognozy dotyczące Karty Polaka.
EN
The aim of this article is to assess the process of creating the communication of Poland with foreign compatriots and to identify the possible changes in Polish law, which is limiting the efficiency of the Polish Card now. The author presents the analysis of premisses and circumstances of the introduction of the Polish Card to the domestic legal system. In the first part of the article we will find the analysis of the factors resulted mass-resettlements after the World War II and after 1990. The discussion on assumptions of the Polish Card Act, critical arguments and statistical data will be presented in the next part of the article. In the further part the legal changes introduced after 10 years since passed the Polish Card Act will be analysed. Conclusions include assessment and forecasts of the Polish Card.
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