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EN
Environmental policy has changed dramatically over the past fifty years. The process of initiating actions to protect the natural environment was associated with the development of awareness of the effects of pollution on humans and nature. It is worth establishing whether the activity of democratic states, both in the area of political activities and the influence of public opinion, was transferred to countries that did not have to take public opinion into account. The actions of a neutral state - Austria perceived by communist countries as a potential partner were taken into account. A comparative method was used to determine the interactions between the variables in terms of decisions made and their effects - adopted legal acts. These studies were aimed at explaining the principles of the mechanisms for making optimal political decisions, and at the same time shaping the political awareness of citizens. Additionally, the institutional and legal method was used, and in relation to media messages, the method of content analysis. Taking into account the effects of the Austrian "neighborhood policy", I would like to explain how repetitive was what Western countries did towards communist countries in relation to the topic of environmental protection, how this phenomenon was defined, what were the similarities and differences in the perception of pro-ecological activities and how cooperation in this area was understood. The presented research problems focus on the results of Polish-Austrian activities in the field of environmental protection. For this purpose, both post-war Polish-Austrian bilateral relations have been analyzed, and in particular bilateral treaties relating to environmental issues.
EN
The work presents the views of Emil Stanisław Rappaport on criminal law and its codification in the beginning of Polish People’s Republic. The considerations are mainly based on preserved archival materials that show the attitude of Professor Rappaport to the problems of criminal law in post-war Poland. Of significance for the article are also published sources, especially conference materials related to preparations for the 1st Congress of Polish Science, which reveal a significant discrepancy in the perception of the criminal law by academics, including Rappaport, and politicians.
PL
Praca prezentuje poglądy Emila Stanisława Rappaporta na prawo karne i jego kodyfikację w początkach Polski Ludowej. Rozważania prowadzone są przede wszystkim w oparciu o zachowane materiały archiwalne, które ukazują stosunek prof. Rappaporta do problematyki prawa karnego powojennej Polski. Istotne znaczenie dla artykułu mają również źródła publikowane, a zwłaszcza materiały konferencyjne związane z przygotowaniami do I Kongresu Nauki Polskiej, z których wynika istotna rozbieżność w zapatrywaniu na prawo karne przedstawicieli ówczesnej nauki, w tym Rappaporta, oraz polityki.
EN
The main goal of this article is to present the attitude of authorities of Polish People’s Republic towards the southern extension of the European Community of Spain and Portugal between 1962 and 1986. In this article, among other things, the classified correspondence between the Polish diplomats who were allocated to posts in Rome, Madrid and Paris, and the fourth department of Polish People’s Republic’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, has been presented. Those materials showed the Polish estimated assessment of a long and complicated process of adaptability of both Iberian countries to the requirements of the European Community. This article has also presented the responses of the Polish press (i.e. Trybuna Ludu, Życie Warszawy, Polityka) to the cooperation of both countries and EWG.
PL
Zasadniczym celem artykułu było zaprezentowanie stanowiska władz Polskiej Rzeczpospolitej Ludowej wobec południowego rozszerzenia Wspólnot Europejskich o Hiszpanię i Portugalię w latach (1962–1986). W artykule przedstawiono m.in., tajną korespondencję pomiędzy polskimi dyplomatami przebywającymi na placówkach w Rzymie, Madrycie, Paryżu a DEP.IV Ministerstwa Spraw Zagranicznych PRL (Europa Zachodnia), w której przybliżono polskie oceny długiego i skomplikowanego procesu adaptacji obu iberyjskich krajów do wymogówwspólnotowych. W artykule zaprezentowano także reakcje prasy polskiej (m.in., „Trybuny Ludu”, „Życia Warszawy”, „Polityki”) na kooperację obu krajów z EWG.
EN
In the article, the author explains the course of events after incorporating Olsztynek into the Polish People’s Republic after the Second World War. Makowski’s main areas of focus are the changes observed in religious and social spheres as well as the implementation of a new, communist government in lands previously inhabited by Germans. The author’s sources are the National Archive in Olsztyn, the Warmia Archdiocese Archive along with chronicles, witness accounts, and studies in both Polish and German. Makowski points out the changes that took place in Olsztynek after the Second World War. The article providesa clear and deep analysis of this short yet critical event in the history of Olsztynek.
PL
Artykuł opowiada o wydarzeniach, do których doszło po włączeniu Olsztynka do Polski Ludowej po zakończeniu II wojny światowej. Tekst skupia się przede wszystkim na opisie przemian społeczno-religijnych, które były efektem całkowitej zmiany struktury ludności oraz wprowadzenia władz komunistycznych na poniemieckich terenach. Podstawę źródłową stanowią materiały znajdujące się w Archiwum Państwowym w Olsztynie oraz Archiwum Archidiecezji Warmińskiej, kroniki, relacje świadków oraz opracowania polsko- i niemieckojęzyczne. Tekst dowodzi, jak powojenne realia nieodwracalnie zmieniły charakter miasta. Stanowi wnikliwe usystematyzowanie informacji o tym krótkim, lecz przełomowym okresie w dziejach Olsztynka.
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