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EN
Jura (Jerzy) Gajdzica from Cisownica Mała near Ustroń, situated near Cieszyn, a farmer and a cart driver by trade, was a peasant bibliophile and a memoirist. His love for the printed word developed under the influence of his extraordinary respect for the Holy Bible, which was typical of him and other Poles belonging to the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession, who constituted the majority of the population of the Cieszyn district. Jura Gajdzica marked his books with ownership prints: the oldest, handmade peasant ex-libris known in Poland, and a stamp. He left a memoir entitled Dlo pamięci rodu ludzkiego and a chronicle entitled Nieco z kroniki Cieszęśki. Memoirs concerned the years 1805-1823, e.g. wars of Austria and Russia with Napoleon. Jura Gajdzica as well as his memoir and some of the bookplates were discovered by Jan Wantuła (1877-1953) from Ustroń in Cieszyn Silesia, a farmer and a worker, as well as a book lover, bibliognost and a historian.
EN
The article tries to describe the linguistic creation of a city in Polish 16th-century diaries from journeys to the Holy Land. During long trips, the authors visited many exotic, for the Polish traveller, cities and towns to whom they devoted a lot of space in their diaries. The analysis is based on findings of theory of linguistic image of a world and on the concept of linguistic creation and semiotic role. The author outlines the set of linguistic means used by the diarists to indicate various roles. He concludes that the image of a city presented in the analysed texts oscillates between traditional frame that has its source in the classical antiquity and modern perspective significant for the man of the Renaissance.
EN
Abstract The Jesuits and their teaching in the literature on the subject regarding the eighteenth century are presented rather negatively. Critical evaluations concern both the content and teaching methods used in Jesuit-run schools. It should be noted that the opinions of diarists are less severe in this respect. The diarists are more lenient towards the Jesuits, less critical. Although they see the shortcomings of the Jesuit schools, at the same time, they assess in terms of their contribution to the good of the Homeland. This is done primarily by those diarists who wrote their accounts after 1795, those who wrote their diaries before that date did not notice the problem of Jesuit education. The diaries also reflect the stereotype and mechanism of the formation of negative assessments of the Jesuits and their teaching. They indicate that the memorisation of Latin and the severity of education contributed to the criticism of Jesuit teaching. They also recognize that their model of a “good citizen” must have changed at the end of the eighteenth century. According to them, the “good citizen” was to serve the Republic of Poland and not the self-interests and anarchy of powerful lords.
PL
Jezuici i ich nauczanie w literaturze przedmiotu w odniesieniu do XVIII w. przedstawiane jest raczej negatywnie. Krytyczne oceny dotyczą tak treści, jak i metod nauczania stosowanych w szkołach prowadzonych przez jezuitów. Zauważyć należy, że mniej surowe pod tym względem są opinie pamiętnikarzy. Pamiętnikarze odnoszą się do jezuitów łagodniej, mniej krytycznie, choć dostrzegają wady szkół jezuickich, przy tym oceniają pod kątem tego, na ile przyczyniają się one dla dobra Rzeczypospolitej-Ojczyzny. Czynią tak przede wszystkim ci pamiętnikarze, którzy swe relacje spisywali po 1795 roku, ci zapisujący swe wspomnienia przed tą datą problemu edukacji jezuickiej nie dostrzegali. Pamiętniki odmalowują też stereotyp i mechanizm powstawania negatywnych ocen jezuitów i ich nauczania. Wskazują, że to pamięciowa nauka łaciny i surowość wychowania przyczyniły się do krytyki tego nauczania. Uznają również, że ich model „dobrego obywatela”, musiał się zmienić w końcu XVIII wieku. Według nich „dobry obywatel” miał służyć Rzeczypospolitej, a nie prywacie i anarchii możnych panów.
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