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1

The Exile’s Song and It is weary – American poems by August Antoni Jakubowski

100%

Modzelewska E.

Ad Americam

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2016

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issue 17

189-195

EN

The subject of this article is the forgotten works of August Antoni Jakubowski, The Exile’s Song and It is weary, discovered on the last pages of a rare 1835 edition of The Remembrances from Auburn. After the November Uprising, Jakubowski, an illegitimate son of Antoni Malczewski, was sent to America, where he became the author of The Remembrances of a Polish Exile– – the first publication about Polish history, literature, and education written in English and published in the United States. So far, Jakubowski’s short life (ended by suicide), torn between two continents, is shrouded in more mysteries and secrets than confirmed facts. Much has been verified through the research of Przemysław Bloch, a New York-based lawyer, together with the author of this article in the United States. The Exile’s Song and It is weary complete the picture of the last American stage of Jakubowski’s work. They are a concentrated expression of all his characteristic moods, and testify to the extreme alienation, hopelessness, and despair that he felt. Despite its intimate tone, the work in large measure constitutes a general testimony of the experience of Polish exiles forced to travel across the ocean.

2

POLSCY XVIII-WIECZNI ZESŁAŃCY SYBERYJSCY. STRATEGIE (PRZE)ŻYCIA NA ZESŁANIU

88%

Getka J.

Acta Neophilologica

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2014

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vol. XVI/1

165-178

EN

In line with the colonization of central Asian provinces of the Russian Empire, which started in the 16th century, also the Poles were sent as prisoners to these areas. The article relates to methods of survival in exile of representatives of the fi rst large group of Polish exiles – members of the Bar Confederation (1768–1772). Some chose to more or less spectacular escape, which often ended in tragedy. Others settled in and converted to Orthodoxy, denying the possibility of returning home. A large group of exiles were eventually forcibly incorporated into the tsarist army. As ordinary soldiers, deprived of state laws, the Poles have contributed not only to the further colonization of the Asian part of the Russian Empire, but also played an important role in regulating the internal affairs of Russia, including Emilian Pugachev rebellion damping (1773–1774). The source of the research is a diary of exiled member of the Bar Confederation – Karol Lubicz Chojecki, Pamięć dzieł polskich. Podróż i niepomyślny sukces Polaków, fi rst published in Warsaw in 1789, reprinted one year leater (1790) in Supraśl, titled: Polak konfederat przez Moskwę na Syberię zaprowadzony. Razem wiadomość o buncie Puchaczewa.

3

LISTY ZESŁAŃCÓW Z KAZACHSTANU DO KS. FRANCISZKA KONIECZNEGO WE LWOWIE 1940–1941

63%

Wołczański J.

Rocznik Przemyski

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2017

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vol. 53

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issue 1(20): Historia

327-370

EN

This paper presents 17 letters sent by Polish women, both adult and teenage ones, deported in 1940 from Lviv to the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. Among them there are 6 gimnazjum (secondary school) students – authors of 10 documents, and three other persons – senders of 7 letters, probably related to the others or friends of the addressee. The later fates of those women are unknown; one may suspect that most of them survived the ordeal of the exile thanks to their vitality and returned to the home country, due to the “amnesty” declared on the strength of the Sikorski-Mayski agreement of 30 July 1941. The addressee of the letters was Rev. Dr Franciszek Konieczny, a long-time catechist at the Queen Jadwiga Secondary School in Lviv, friend of young people, founder and inspector of the Sodality of the Blessed Virgin Mary for schools, chaplain of the Convent of the Discalced Carmelite Sisters there, highly regarded retreat preacher, expert confessor and philanthropist.

4

„Życie żołnierza jest marszem przez rózgi i policzki”. Traumatyczne wspomnienia polskich zesłańców politycznych wcielonych do Korpusu Kaukaskiego i Orenburskiego w I połowie XIX wieku

51%

Chrostek M.

Tematy i Konteksty

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2023

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vol. 18

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issue 13

149-164

EN

Penal service in the Russian army – apart from exile to Siberia – was one of the main forms of repression used against Poles convicted of political crimes under the Russian rule in the first half of the 19th century. Over time, officers could apply for dismissal, but the living conditions of ordinary soldiers was appalling, as evidenced by the diaries and letters of exiles conscripted into the Caucasian Corps (including Mateusz Gralewski, Zygmunt Rewkowski, Franciszek Sawicz, Hipolit Jaworski, Władysław Jurkowski) and the Orenburg Corps (including Adolf Jabłoński, Bronisław Zaleski, Maksymilian Jatowt, Walerian Staniszewski), as well as Agaton Giller serving in eastern Siberia. They travelled on foot thousands of kilometers to the place of exile, often in shackles and chains, hungry, marching regardless of severe frosts, unbearable heat and torrential rains, frequently in the mountains. They spent their nights in old, wooden, ruined barracks that lacked air and were full of vermin. They slept on bunk beds or on the ground, among excrement, which caused epidemics and deaths. The tragic fate of the Polish soldiers also resulted from the obligation to participate in the imperial conquests of the tsar’s army – together with the Russians, they had to attack and murder the peoples of the Caucasus, today’s Kazakhstan, and western Siberia, who were defending their freedom. Every day they lived in cramped dugouts, where they slept on the ground on dirty pallets, wearing uniforms and shoes, and were themselves often covered with filth. Those simple soldiers were constantly beaten and humiliated physically and mentally. They are beating with fists whenever commanders were in such a mood. The most cruel was public flogging where soldiers were beaten with sticks, batons, rods, quirts and whips. The punishment ranged from several hundred to several thousand strokes, which often resulted in the victim’s agony and death. Flogging was used even for minor or alleged offenses. The widespread cruelty promoted sadism among the commanders, and demoralization spread (drunkenness, gambling, brothels). Privates also succumbed to it. The soldiers were afraid of getting ill because in hospitals they were beaten, robbed of food, and prescribed inappropriate medicines by unqualified staff. The mortality rate in the Russian army was very high – only a few Poles managed to return to their homeland.

PL

Karna służba w armii rosyjskiej – obok zesłania na syberyjską katorgę oraz na osiedlenie – stanowiła jedną z głównych form represji stosowaną wobec Polaków skazanych za przestępstwa polityczne pod zaborem rosyjskim w pierwszej połowie XIX wieku. Oficerowie mogli z czasem ubiegać się o dymisję, ale los prostych żołnierzy był okrutny, o czym przekonują pamiętniki i listy zesłańców wcielonych do Korpusu Kaukaskiego (m.in. Mateusza Gralewskiego, Zygmunta Rewkowskiego, Franciszka Sawicza, Hipolita Jaworskiego, Władysława Jurkowskiego) i Orenburskiego (m.in. Adolfa Jabłońskiego, Bronisława Zaleskiego, Maksymiliana Jatowta, Waleriana Staniszewskiego), a także Agatona Gillera służącego na wschodzie Syberii. Tysiące kilometrów do miejsca zesłania pokonywali pieszo, przeważnie zakuci w kajdany i łańcuchy, głodni, maszerując bez względu na silne mrozy, dokuczliwe upały i ulewne deszcze, często po górach. Nocowali na tak zwanych etapach w starych, drewnianych, zniszczonych barakach, nigdy nie wietrzonych, pełnych robactwa. Spali na pryczach lub gołej ziemi wśród ekskrementów, co powodowało epidemie i zgony. Tragizm polskich żołnierzy wynikał również z konieczności udziału w podbojach imperialnych carskiej armii – musieli wraz z Rosjanami napadać i mordować ludy Kaukazu, dzisiejszego Kazachstanu, zachodniej Syberii, broniące swojej wolności. Na co dzień mieszkali w ciasnych ziemiankach, gdzie spali na gołej ziemi w brudnych barłogach, w mundurze i butach, sami także brudni, często ochlapani nieczystościami. Prości sołdaci byli ciągle bici, upokarzani fizycznie i psychicznie. Bicie pięściami zależało od humoru dowódców. Najbardziej okrutna była publiczna chłosta. Bito kijami, pałkami, rózgami, batem, pejczem i knutem. Wysokość kary wynosiła od kilkuset do kilku tysięcy uderzeń, co często kończyło się śmiercią ofiary w męczarniach. Karano chłostą nawet za drobne lub domniemane przewinienia. Powszechne okrucieństwo rozwijało sadyzm u dowódców, wśród których szerzyła się demoralizacja (pijaństwo, hazard, domy publiczne). Ulegali jej również szeregowcy. Żołnierze bardzo bali się chorować, ponieważ w szpitalach byli bici, okradani z żywności, niewykwalifikowany personel ordynował im niewłaściwe leki. Śmiertelność w armii rosyjskiej była bardzo wysoka – jedynie nieliczni Polacy wrócili do ojczyzny.

5

Tradycja w wychowaniu dziecka w kaukaskiej przestrzeni kulturowej

38%

Chodubski A. J.

Studia Gdańskie

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2011

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issue 28

311-324

PL

W kulturze Kaukazu kimś, kto odgrywa ważną rolę jest dziecko. Jest ono wyrazem miłości rodziców oraz społecznym dopełnieniem małżeństwa. Szczególnie narodziny syna są powodem dumy ojca oraz wzrostu prestiżu matki. Edukacja chłopców obejmowała kształtowanie sprawności fizycznej i umysłowej. Mieli oni w przyszłości stać się dzielnymi wojownikami. Intelekt kształcono w oparciu o Koran i inne księgi religijne. Przygotowując dziewczynki do przyszłej roli żony i matki starano się, aby zdobyły umiejętności przydatne w gospodarstwie domowym. „Europeizacja” edukacji nastąpiła dzięki Rosji, która podporządkowała sobie region kaukaski. Wkład w edukację dzieci i młodzieży kaukaskiej wnieśli Polacy – zesłańcy i żołnierze carskiej armii.

EN

In the culture of Caucasus a child is somebody who plays an important role. It is the fruit of love of its parents and social complement of marriage. The birth of a son is the cause of particular pride of the father and the increase of prestige of the mother. Education of boys included shaping physical and intellectual fitness. They were to become brave fighters in the future. Their intellect was educated basing on the Koran (Quran) and other religious books. While preparing girls for the future role of wife and mother efforts were made for them to achieve skills useful in household. ”Europeisation” of education took place thanks to Russia, which subordinated the caucasian region. The Polish – exiles and soldiers of the czarist army (char’s troops) brought contribution to the education of the caucasion children and youth.

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Z polskiej leksykografii biograficznej, nekrologicznej i komemoratywnej. Rosja i ZSRS a Polska – ofiary antycywilizacji. (Bibliografia prac z lat 1832–2021 – w wyborze)

38%

Wojan K.

Studia Rossica Gedanensia

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2022

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issue 9

201-248

EN

The paper presents selected issues in the area of Polish biographical lexicography from the genological perspective. The author proposes to distinguish a new type – obituary and commemorative lexicography. She states that no monographic work on biographical lexicography has been published within the Polish scholarly society. The existing publications are only in the form of thematic/problem and review articles. The second part of the paper contains a list of 379 Polish dictionaries; the bibliography covers the years 1832–2021. The data presented are considered statistically important. The bibliographic list includes various types/forms of dictionaries – strictly biographical dictionaries, lexicons, encyclopedias, dictionary-encyclopedias, encyclopedic guides, reference books (e.g. Who is who?), directories of people (e.g. The Book of Siberians), personal loss books, cemetery books, lists of people, alphabetical lists of people, lists of surnames, nicknames, registers of the dead, deported and others, indexes of people (e.g. of repressed people) and others, inventories (e.g. names of labor camps), etc. Formally, publications of this type meet the requirements of studies in the field of lexicography because: 1/ they constitute a linearly ordered set (by lexicographic order), and 2/ they are specific databases storing specific information.

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1 Acta Neophilologica

1 Ad Americam

1 Rocznik Przemyski

1 Studia Gdańskie

1 Studia Rossica Gedanensia

1 Tematy i Konteksty

1 Chodubski A. J.

1 Chrostek M.

1 Getka J.

1 Modzelewska E.

1 Wojan K.

1 Wołczański J.

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