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EN
This paper analyses the state of contemporary Polish historiography about the history of Ukraine in the first half of the 20th century, a very dramatic period in Polish-Ukrainian relations, with a high emotional charge, influenced by political and ideological elements. Olha Morozova’s book is an important voice in the historiographic Polish-Ukrainian discourse. Th e author indicates different aspects linking the history of both nations, but without passing over the difficult or even dramatic moments of their common history. The book enriches contemporary knowledge about Polish historical thought, prompts Ukrainian and Polish historians to reflect and perhaps reorient their findings and assessments. Olha Morozova takes the position of continuing the calm Polish-Ukrainian dialogue, eliminating the emotional and ideological elements as much as possible.
EN
The achievements of Polish historiography, created over the span of several centuries, on the history of the Ruthenian, Lithuanian and Muscovite / Russian lands, is on one hand a legacy of modern Polish science, but on the other, it also constitutes a significant and original part of the achievements of the general science. This legacy has not yet been collected or systematized in a bibliography presenting it as a whole. Today, in the era of intense studies conducted by scientists from many countries, the necessity to bring together and systematize the achievements of Polish science in the field of publication of sources and monographic and synthetic compilations dedicated to the history of Rus, Lithuania, the Grand Duchy of Moscow and Russia, is particularly evident. The above mentioned bibliography would create a material basis - a database - for further researches carried out by historians of different countries. It would greatly facilitate the creation of new research projects, including international ones. It would also constitute the basis for the development of scientific discussion. The publication of bibliography of Polish works on the history of the Ruthenian, Lithuanian and Russian lands could encourage the Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian or Lithuanian historians to set up a bibliography of native works dedicated to the history of Poland. The compilation of bibliography requires both convening of an international team of historians, who specialize in the field of the various periods of history of the Ruthenian, Russian and Lithuanian lands, as well as a significant support of scientific institutions. The development of such bibliography is still very much needed.
EN
At the turn of 19th and 20th centuries the first academic writings on the Lodz textile industry were developed.Their authors were descendants of Lodz factory owners who studied at German universities (Frida Bielschowsky, Kurt Schweikert), as well as researchers not connected with Lodz (Róża Luksemburg, Alfred Scholz). The common feature of these research papers was their histori­cal and economical view of the subject. The article characterizes the main thesis of the writings and shows the influence of Marxist theory as well as the ideas of the younger German school of econo­mics. The sources of glorification in the presentation of the achievements and influence of German industrialists were also discussed.The article contains a thesis on the permanency of the Lodz indu­strial image which was created in the discussed academic writings.
PL

EN
The article comments on main trends in Polish historiography of the last 30 or so years. The author verifies predictions concerning said trends that had been made in the first years of the new millennium, to conclude that they proved too optimistic in some respects. Problems such as political instrumentalization of history loom large over Polish historiography and may distort its future development. Furthermore, the simplistic understanding of parametrization manifested by the last (2022) evaluation of academic institutions, further reduces freedom of research while it does nothing to eliminate political pressures on historians. In essence, the policy of science pursued by the Polish state does very little to support original research.
PL
Philip Orlik, the last hetman of the Cossacks, did not arouse an interest among Polish historians as some of his predecessor, leaders of The Cossack Hetmanate. Needless to say that Cossacks – especially these represented by Orlik – did not have the strength like in the old days. Historians treated both hetman’s fate and his actions leading to regaining sovereignty of Cossack State (Hetmanate) superficially, they seen it just as a part of more complex historical process and political events. Because of that he was present in various works discussing foreign policy of Charles XII, Russia–Turkey relations or French policy leading to weaken Austria and its ally Russia. Last but not least he was seen as a stubborn politician fighting for a losing cause.
PL
Jerzy Wojciech Borejsza was the son of communist activist Jerzy Borejsza, referred to as an ‘international communist’, and Ewa née Kantor. His grandfather Abraham Goldberg was one of the leaders of Polish Zionists. Borejsza described himself as ‘a Pole of Jewish origin’. His personality was greatly influenced by the Second World War experiences, including the pogrom of Jews in German-occupied Lwów in July 1941 and the tragic events of occupied Warsaw. As a result of the decision of the communist party authorities, in 1952, Borejsza was sent to study in the Soviet Union, first to Kazan, then to Moscow. This made it impossible for him to study Polish philology in Warsaw; Borejsza, therefore, chose historical studies. After returning to Poland in 1957, he undertook research on the history of Polish emigration after the January Uprising (1863–4). He was also interested in the history of the Polish socialist movement and its connections to socialism in Western Europe. Later, Borejsza intervened in the historiography of the Crimean War (1853–6), intending to bring this forgotten armed conflict back to light. He coined the phrase ‘the beautiful nineteenth century’, in contrast to the twentieth century as a time of hatred, extermination, and the Holocaust. Initially, Borejsza worked at the Polish Academy of Sciences (1958–64), then at the University of Warsaw (1964–75). In the early 1970s, he began research on Italian fascism and Italy’s unsuccessful attempts to create a fascist International. He also conducted research on the worldview of Adolf Hitler, formulating the view that, apart from anti-Semitism, another vital component of the Führer’s racism was anti-Slavism. Borejsza was the author of a textbook on totalitarian and authoritarian systems in Europe in 1918–45 (entitled Schools of Hatred). After the anti-Semitic campaign launched by the communist authorities in March 1968, he was removed from the University of Warsaw (1975). From then until the end of his life, he worked at the Institute of History of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw. In the years 2004–12, he was also employed at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń. In the last years of his life, he researched Russian archives, dealing with the history of communism as a totalitarian system and the Comintern’s attitude toward Poland and Stalinist persecution of Polish communists. Jerzy W. Borejsza was an outstanding Polish researcher of the history of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. He also witnessed the tragic history of the century of extermination.
EN
The figure of the first Roman emperor in many ways had an impact on the Polish culture, especially in historiography and literature. In my paper I focus on some issues connected with the subject. I discuss the ideas presented by Tadeusz Zieliński, one of the most eminent researchers of the ancient world in Europe in the first part of 20th century. He devoted a significant part of his opus to present his own vision of Augustus seen as a reformer of the Roman state religion. Zieliński built the emperor’s image as the saviour of the Roman world in the face of „the end of times”. This term played significant role in Zieliński’s thinking about Roman history at the end of the Republic. For the Polish scholar celebration of the secular game in 17 BC was the final task done by Augustus. This task Zieliński defined as the sacred mission and connected with the figure of Sibyl and the impact of the Etruscan theory of saeculum. For Zieliński, Augustus belonged to the most important men of providence in Roman history. In the same way I discuss the ideas presented by Ludwik Piotrowicz and Mieczysław St. Popławski. Both scholars analised the question of imperial cult in depth. Popławski expressed original view on Augustus apotheosis seen as the development of imperial cult in transcendental perspective. Piotrowicz instead saw this problem as a purely political phenomenon. Last part of my paper is devoted to short resentation of the echos of Augustus’ bimillenium in Polish scholar activity.
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EN
Oskar Halecki’s reception in French historiography is one of the interesting examples of diffi-culties in understanding Polish historical thought in France. As one of the leading authors of the concept of East‑Central Europe in world historiography, a descendant of the Viennese aristoc-racy and an ambassador of Polish humanities in the League of Nations Committee on Intellec-tual Cooperation, he promoted the history of the countries of the region, considering their independent of Russia cultural specificity, deeply connected with the values of the Christian Europe. Meanwhile, after the Second World War, the socio‑economically oriented historiogra-phy of “Annales” was gaining more and more popularity in Paris – and in Warsaw itself ...
PL
Although Polish research on the Communist International (Comintern) history began in the interwar period, the existing literature does not constitute a highly-developed field. This becomes particularly evident when Polish studies are compared to research produced in Russia, Germany, the United States, and Italy, or even India and Korea. This state of affairs is, to some degree, a result of political conditions that influenced, and continue to influence, access to archival sources. For this reason, interest in the Comintern after 1989 closely resembles the situation in research on the history of the Communist Party of Poland (KPP), which was, after all, one of the sections of the Third International. In both cases – in research on the Comintern and on the KPP – the focus was on shedding light on historical “blind spots” rather than on developing systematic studies of political organisations. Largely thanks to Professor Jerzy W. Borejsza, improvements have become evident over the past two decades in Polish research on the Comintern and related issues. Indeed, many important case studies have emerged, although what Polish research still lacks are wide-ranging monographs and analytical syntheses. This paper offers a review of Polish historiography’s most important contributions to research on the Comintern, covering the period from the interwar era to the present. It also attempts to outline potential future perspectives in the field, including a brief overview of important international works.
EN
The author seeks to develop an understanding how Polish historians perceived the presence of the Luxembourgs in Silesia and to follow the evolution of this perception. The incorporation of Silesia into the Lands of the Crown of Bohemia in the 14th century aroused a lively interest in historians. An outline of historiographic views shows the dependence of the researchers on time and place in which their evaluation was made. The authors often mounted arguments in an emotive unscholarly fashion. At present, however, there is a rational and balanced approach to this theme among the Polish researchers
EN
Bulgarian affairs in the second half of the 19th c. in Polish historiography since 1989In this article, we present an overview of research topics concerning the history of Bulgaria in the second half of the 19th c. and early 20th c. that have appeared in Polish historiography since 1989. We adopted the timeframe of 1848–1908. The two dates are not only of key importance for the history of Europe and Slavdom, but also for Bulgarians. 1848 was the year which saw the birth of Hristo Botev, one of the most prominent Bulgarian poets and national revival activists, while in 1908 Bulgaria officially declared its independence and the beginning of the third empire. We wanted to avoid writing historiographical overview articles which consist only of dry bibliographical lists and focus on the most important research trends which can be observed in the field of Polish studies on Bulgaria in the second half of the 19th c. Sprawy bułgarskie w drugiej połowie XIX wieku w polskiej historiografii po 1989 rokuW niniejszym artykule zostanie przeprowadzony przegląd tematów badawczych dotyczących historii Bułgarii w drugiej połowie XIX i na początku XX wieku, pojawiający się w polskiej historiografii po 1989 roku. Jako cezurę czasową przyjęto lata 1848–1908. Obie te daty mają nie tylko kluczowe znaczenie dla dziejów Europy i Słowiańszczyzny, ale także Bułgarów. W 1848 roku urodził się Christo Botew, jeden z czołowych bułgarskich poetów oraz działaczy odrodzeniowych, w 1908 roku zaś Bułgaria oficjalnie ogłosiła niepodległość i początek trzeciego carstwa. Autorzy chcieli zerwać z historiograficznymi artykułami przeglądowymi opartymi na suchym wymienianiu pozycji bibliograficznych, a skupić się na najważniejszych nurtach badawczych, tendencjach oraz zjawiskach, widocznych na polu polskich badań nad Bułgarią w drugiej połowie XIX wieku.
EN
This article offers an account of a dispute between Polish and German historians (and to a lesser extent among Polish historians themselves) over the process of establishing the Teutonic Order State in Prussia at the turn of 1220s–1230s. The dispute broke out in the nineteenth and continued into the first half of the twentieth century.
PL
Tematem prezentowanego artykułu jest spór o interpretację mechanizmów powstania na przełomie lat 20. i 30. XIII w. państwa zakonu krzyżackiego w Prusach, jaki toczył się pomiędzy polską i niemiecką historiografią, a także wewnątrz polskiej historiografii, w XIX i w pierwszej połowie XX w.
EN
The article discusses a book by the historian of historiography, professor of humanities, Rafał Stobiecki, entitled Historiography of Polish People’s Republic. Instead of a textbook [Historiografia PRL. Zamiast podręcznika] (Łódź 2020) and responds to the theses presented in it.
PL
Artykuł omawia książkę historyka historiografii, profesora nauk humanistycznych Rafała Stobieckiego pt. Historiografia PRL. Zamiast podręcznika (Łódź 2020) oraz ustosunkowuje się do przedstawionych w niej tez.
PL
Artykuł składa się z dwóch części. W części pierwszej nakreślone zostały stosunki polityczne Polski z Państwem Krzyżackim w Prusach od pokoju toruńskiego (1466) do traktatu krakowskiego (1525). W części drugiej przedstawione zostały oceny historyków polskich dotyczące działań i decyzji polskich elit politycznych w początkach XVI wieku w sprawie sekularyzacji państwa zakonnego w Prusach i utworzenia świeckiego lenna Polski w Prusach. Jedni historycy negatywnie ocenili działania króla i jego doradców politycznych w 1525 roku ukazując konsekwencje podjętych decyzji w długiej perspektywie czasowej (usamodzielnienie się Księstwa Pruskiego, powstanie królestwa Prus, udział Prus w rozbiorach Polski w końcu XVIII w.). Pogląd taki formułowali: Michał Bobrzyński, Wacław Sobieski, Ludwik Kolankowski, Władysław Pociecha, Jacek Wijaczka. Bardziej umiarkowane stanowisko w tej kwestii zajmowali Karol Górski i Marian Biskup. Pozytywne dla Polski XVI wieku skutki traktatu krakowskiego 1525 r. dostrzegł już w początkach XIX w. Joachim Lelewel. Po nim zaś – głównie w minionym stuleciu – Bronisław Dembiński, Oskar Halecki, Adam Vetulani, Władysław Konopczyński, Zygmunt Wojciechowski, Andrzej Wyczański, Maria Bogucka.
EN
The article consists of two parts. The first one outlines the Polish political relations with the state of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia from the Peace of Thorn (1466) to the Treaty of Cracow (1525), while the second one is the Polish historians’ assessment of action and decisions taken by the Polish political elites in the early 16th c. on the secularization of the Teutonic State in Prussia and turning Prussia into a secular fief of the Polish Kingdom. Some historians have negatively assessed the activities of the King and his advisers in 1525. They pictured the consequences of those decisions in the long-term perspective (i.e. independence of the Duchy of Prussia, creation of the Kingdom of Prussia, participation of Prussia in the partitions of Poland in the late 18th c.). This view was formulated by the following historians: Michał Bobrzyński, Wacław Sobieski, Ludwik Kolankowski, Władysław Pociecha, Jacek Wijaczka. Karol Górski and Marian Biskup presented a more moderate position. Already in 19th c. Joachim Lelewel found positive effects of the Treaty of Cracow (1525) for the Polish Kingdom in 16th c. His view was shared- mainly in the 20th c. – by Bronisław Dembinski, Oskar Halecki, Adam Vetulani, Władyslaw Konopczyński, Zygmunt Wojciechowski, Andrzej Wyczański and Maria Bogucka.
EN
The article consists of two parts. The first one outlines the Polish political relations with the state of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia from the Peace of Thorn (1466) to the Treaty of Cracow (1525), while the second one is the Polish historians’ assessment of action and decisions taken by the Polish political elites in the early 16th c. on the secularization of the Teutonic State in Prussia and turning Prussia into a secular fief of the Polish Kingdom. Some historians have negatively assessed the activities of the King and his advisers in 1525. They pictured the consequences of those decisions in the long-term perspective (i.e. independence of the Duchy of Prussia, creation of the Kingdom of Prussia, participation of Prussia in the partitions of Poland in the late 18th c.). This view was formulated by the following historians: Michał Bobrzyński, Wacław Sobieski, Ludwik Kolankowski, Władysław Pociecha, Jacek Wijaczka. Karol Górski and Marian Biskup presented a more moderate position. Already in 19th c. Joachim Lelewel found positive effects of the Treaty of Cracow (1525) for the Polish Kingdom in 16th c. His view was shared- mainly in the 20th c. – by Bronisław Dembinski, Oskar Halecki, Adam Vetulani, Władyslaw Konopczyński, Zygmunt Wojciechowski, Andrzej Wyczański and Maria Bogucka.
EN
The article presents a statistical description and analysis of the academic output of Professor Stanisław Salmonowicz, a historian and lawyer who has long been associated with Toruń. His output consists of c. 1350 publications, including over 60 books, almost 500 scholarly articles and c. 480 book reviews. The chronological framework of Salmonowicz’s scholarly interests ranges from the sixteenth century to the present day and encompasses both the history of Europe (notably the history of France, Austria and Prussia) and history of Poland with particular emphasis on the history of Pomerania and the city of Toruń. An important place in this output is occupied by the history of law and political systems of European countries. Salmonowicz’s academic publications include monographs on, among other things, the Academic Gymnasium in Toruń in the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries, the codification of penal law in the age of the Enlightened Absolutism, the Polish Underground State of 1939–1945, and the Warsaw Uprising of 1944; as well as numerous scholarly articles on the culture of old Toruń, political and religious matters of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the history of law. Moreover, Salmonowicz is the author of comprehensive books on King Frederick the Great of Prussia and the history of the Prussian state. He has also authored numerous chapters in books published in the series dedicated to the history of Toruń and Pomerania. His works also include many texts that can inspire further academic inquiries. For example, his research into early modern witch trials and the morally questionable attitudes of certain Poles under Nazi and Soviet occupation during the Second World War may be an excellent point of departure for further historical investigations.
EN
Deceased scholar from Wroclaw Karol Maleczyński published several scientific papers describing the Polish-German struggle of 1109. The scholar came to very interesting conclusions. As the first of the researchers, he contributed to a rather scrupulous display of political aspects accompanying the causes, course and consequences of the armed clash of 1109. He gave these problems a new tone. The importance of his achievements in this field indicates that no one after him has taken a serious look at the essence of the causes determining the outbreak of this war. Many of his statements from this area have been left in the polish historiography. However, it looks different when trying to comment on the reception of his explanations about the course of war struggles and their direct or long-term consequences. Although no studies have been included in this study, even indirectly referring to the observations made by the Professor, one can risk the assertion that most of his findings still work in science. Sometimes, some adjustments are made to them, but they do not change their fundamental overtone in any diametrical manner. Of course, it is impossible to forget about the observations of a scholar who, under the influence of the development of research, have been subjected to critical cutting, which consequently resulted in a definitive abandonment of them, or in some cases, significant remodeling.
PL
Nieżyjący wrocławski uczony Karol Maleczyński wydał kilka opracowań naukowych, opisujących zmagania polsko-niemieckie z 1109 roku. Uczony ten doszedł do bardzo interesujących wniosków. Jako pierwszy z badaczy przyczynił się do dość skrupulatnego wyświetlenia politycznych aspektów towarzyszących przyczynom, przebiegowi oraz skutkom starcia zbrojnego z 1109 roku. Nadał tym problemom nowy ton. O doniosłości jego dokonań na tym polu świadczy, że nikt po nim nie podjął się gruntownego wejrzenia w istotę przyczyn warunkujących wybuch tej wojny. Wiele z jego stwierdzeń z tego obszaru ostało się w rodzimej historiografii. Inaczej sprawa jednak wygląda przy próbie skomentowania recepcji jego wyjaśnień dotyczących przebiegu zmagań wojennych i ich bezpośrednich, czy długofalowych następstw. Chociaż nie wzięto w niniejszych badaniach pod uwagę wszystkich prac badawczych nawiązujących nawet w sposób pośredni do obserwacji poczynionych przez Profesora, to można jednak zaryzykować twierdzenie, że większość jego wniosków w dalszym ciągu funkcjonuje w nauce. Niekiedy wprowadza się do nich pewne korekty, ale które nie zmieniają w jakiś diametralny sposób ich zasadniczego wydźwięku. Oczywiście nie sposób w tym miejscu zapomnieć również o spostrzeżeniach uczonego, które pod wpływem rozwoju badań doczekały się krytycznego rozbioru, co w konsekwencji spowodowało ostateczne zarzucenie ich, względnie w niektórych przypadkach, znaczne przemodelowanie.
RU
Монография известного польского историка, публициста и политического деятеля Яна Кухажевского (1876–1952) была опубликована в 1920-е–1930-е гг. в семи томах и считается одним из наиболее масштабных творений польской и зарубежной историографии, посвящённых России, её государственному и общественному развитию. В ближайшие годы книга увидит свет на русском языке, а концепция автора остаётся актуальной и в наши дни.
EN
The monograph of the famous Polish historian, journalist and politician Jan Kucharzewski (1876–1952) was published in the 1920s–1930s in seven volumes and is considered one of the most significant works of Polish and foreign historiography devoted to Russia, its state and social development. In coming years, the book will be published in Russian, and the author’s conception remains relevant to this day.
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