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PL
The paper aims to interpret the term “homo duplex” used by Joseph Conrad to characterize his personality in the letter to the historian Kazimierz Waliszewski. The author presents various meanings of this duality as Conrad was a citizen of the Russian Empire, and then of Great Britain. His profession was also twofold: first he was a French seaman, then an English seaman to become finally an outstanding representative of English literature. As an English writer, he emphatically emphasized his links with Polish culture, in particular with the literature of the Romantic period.
EN
The issue of gestational surrogacy is a serious challenge to Polish and foreign law. The present paper deals with the difficult questions of the assumptions, and the scope of application, of the public policy exception in cases before the Polish courts and authorities - especially in the procedure of the transcription of foreign birth certificates and certifying the Polish nationality acquired by a child born of a surrogate mother and genetically related to his or her sociological parents. Numerous inconsistencies of reasoning in Polish case law and the doctrine of international family law rise doubts about the correctness of the application of the 'ordre public' in most cases of recent years.
PL
After the Austro-Hungarian compromise in 1867 the Galician parliament and provincial administration gained extensive privileges and prerogatives, especially in education. Galicia was the first crownland that had a school council, which was sanctioned already in 1867. After almost a century the ongoing process of Germanization ended as in the following years the majority of German speaking public officials were replaced by Poles and the Polish language became the main administrativ language and the main language of instruction in school. The article describes changes in the school system and shows the role of the Polish language in primary and secondary education during this so-called epoch of Galician autonomy. A comparison of historical documents and memories from schooldays from former Galician school children allows a realistic insight on the role which the Polish language played in the lives of young Galicians. The analysis shows that the Polonisation of the Galician school system effected the development of Polish national consciousness within young Galicians very slowly and not until the beginning of the 20th century.
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