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EN
In the early 90s Twentieth century, Poland was sandwiched between a "security community" in Western Europe and the arc of instability, which spread from the Balkans in southern Europe to the Caucasus in southern Asia. Polish policymakers believed that the best interests of Polish is to have a close or even "special" relationship with the United States. structural Polish position in the European security system - the fact that there was It is beyond the "paradise of the Western security community" - caused, policy-makers in Poland occupied a similar position in many issues as their counterparts in Washington. However, since Poland was EU member in 2004, Polish-American relations began to change. This happened because the Polish interests were much more closely aligned with partners Europe. Moreover, in recent years, the U.S. attach less geopolitical importance to Eastern Europe. As a result, normalization bilateral Polish-American relations.
EN
: Reforms implemented in recent years by the Polish government of Law and Justice party are described as a manifestation of democratic backsliding. Changes in the judiciary and the media are seen as the main signs of departing from the basic values of liberal democracy and the rule of law. They met with strong international criticism, mainly from the institutions of the European Union and Western European countries. These changes are also observed with concern in the United States, but so far the US reaction has been moderate. This was primarily due to the limited interest of President Donald Trump’s administration in promoting democracy. Later, this issue has been overshadowed by the destabilization of military security in the region. Anyway, the US reaction to the deviation of the Polish authorities from the principles of the democratic state of law must be decisive, but also constructive, based on dialogue, cooperation, clear criteria and a joint search for solutions. First of all, it must not violate the American security guarantees towards Poland.
PL
The United States has been the main promoter of democratic values in the world for decades. After the Cold War, promoting these values in Central and Eastern Europe, including Poland, was their important strategic goal. Poland, striving for the closest possible relations with the US, joined its efforts to promote democracy in Eastern Europe and other parts of the world. While this had tangible effects in the vicinity of Poland, doing so as part of military missions in Afghanistan and Iraq ended in failure. In recent years, Polish-American cooperation to promote democracy has been limited due to democratic backsliding in Poland. The American authorities have criticized the legal changes in Poland that limit the independence of the judiciary and freedom of the media, as well as other actions that violate the principles of liberal democracy and the rule of law. Criticism has a limited impact on stopping the regression of democracy in Poland. Moreover, with the outbreak of the war in Ukraine, the issue of democratic backsliding has been overshadowed by the military aspects of Polish-American cooperation.
EN
Stany Zjednoczone od dziesięcioleci są głównym promotorem wartości demokratycznych na świecie. Po zimnej wojnie promowanie tych wartości w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej, w tym w Polsce, było ich ważnym celem strategicznym. Polska, dążąc do jak najściślejszych stosunków z USA, włączyła się w działania na rzecz promocji demokracji w Europie Wschodniej i innych częściach świata. Choć miało to wymierne skutki w sąsiedztwie Polski, to w ramach misji wojskowych w Afganistanie i Iraku zakończyło się fiaskiem. W ostatnich latach polsko-amerykańska współpraca na rzecz promocji demokracji została ograniczona ze względu na demokratyczny regres w Polsce. Władze amerykańskie skrytykowały zmiany prawne w Polsce, które ograniczają niezależność sądownictwa i wolność mediów, a także inne działania naruszające zasady liberalnej demokracji i rządów prawa. Krytyka ma ograniczony wpływ na zatrzymanie regresu demokracji w Polsce. Ponadto wraz z wybuchem wojny na Ukrainie kwestia demokratycznego odstępstwa zostaje przyćmiona przez militarne aspekty współpracy polsko-amerykańskiej.
RU
Предметом статьи является значение США в политике военной безопасности Польши в связи с войной на Украине. Статья начинается с введения, в котором обсуждаются ее основные положения и в синтетической форме представлена историческая подоплека важности США для Польши и ее безопасности. Основная часть статьи разделена на две части, в первой из которых обсуждается значение США в политике военной безопасности Польши после холодной войны. Вторая часть посвящена изменению значения США в этой политике в связи с началом войны на Украине и основным факторам, определяющим это изменение. Цель статьи – выявить и проанализировать изменение значения США в польской политике военной безопасности в результате начала войны на Украине в 2022 году. Основная проблема исследования заключается в том, возросло ли в результате войны значение США в политике военной безопасности Польши, и если да, то за счет каких основных факторов? Тезис статьи заключается в том, что война на Украине повысила значение США как основного внешнего гаранта безопасности и обороны Польши. Это связано с ведущей ролью США в оказании военной поддержки Украине и укреплении восточного фланга НАТО, включая Польшу, в отсутствие лидерства со стороны западноевропейских держав. В рамках исследования были проведены интервью с учеными и аналитиками исследовательских центров Вашингтона и Нью-Йорка.
EN
The subject of the article is the importance of the United States in Poland’s military security policy in relation to the war in Ukraine. The article begins with an introduction discussing its main assumptions and a synthetic historical background of the importance of the US for Poland and its security. The main part of the article is divided into two parts, the first one discussing the importance of the US in Poland’s military security policy after the Cold War. The second part is devoted to the change in the importance of the US in this policy in connection with the outbreak of the war in Ukraine and the main factors that determine this change. The aim of the article is to identify and analyze the changes in the importance of the United States in the Polish military security policy as a result of the outbreak of the war in Ukraine in 2022. The main research problem is whether the importance of the US in Poland’s military security policy increased as a result of the war, and if so, because of what main factors? The thesis of the article states that the war in Ukraine increased the importance of the US as the main external guarantor of Poland’s security and defense. This is due to the leading role played by the United States in military support for Ukraine and strengthening NATO’s eastern flank, including Poland, in the absence of leadership from Western European powers. The research included interviews with scientists and analysts from research centers in Washington and New York.
PL
Celem artykułu jest wyjaśnienie uwarunkowań mających wpływ na zainteresowanie rozmieszczeniem baz wojskowych USA w Polsce przez rządy obu tych państw. Autor koncentruje swoją analizę na polityce wewnętrznej rządu polskiego oraz przyczynach zaangażowania w realizację tego typu projektów podawanych przez administracje USA. Istotne w artykule jest również wykazanie napięć na tym tle, występujących w stosunkach bilateralnych między Polską a Republiką Federalną Niemiec. Rozważania dotyczą okresu sprawowania urzędu prezydenta w USA przez Baracka Obamę i Donalda Trumpa. Jest to zabieg zasadny z uwagi na ich odmienne stanowiska w przedmiotowej kwestii. Autor oparł analizę na dostępnych dokumentach, publikacjach naukowych i publicystycznych, komunikatach rządowych, umowach międzynarodowych i artykułach naukowych.
EN
The aim of the article is to explain the conditions influencing the interest in the deployment of US military bases in Poland by the government offices of both countries. The author focuses his analysis on the internal policy of the Polish government and the reasons for involvement in the implementation of this type of projects announced by the US administration. It is also important in the article to show the tensions in this context that occur in bilateral relations between Poland and the Federal Republic of Germany. The considerations concern the period during which Barack Obama and Donald Trump were in office in the US. This is a legitimate procedure due to their different positions on the issue in question. The author based the analysis on available documents, scientific and journalistic publications, government communications, international agreements and scientific articles.
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