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XX
The article concerns the content of the periodical “Przymierze” [“Alliance”] published in Poland in the period 1920–1921. It takes the cultural, historical and political aspects of Polish-Ukrainian relations into consideration. The focus of numerous articles in the paper “Przymierze” is the idea of a federation represented by Piłsudski and his supporters and its defeat as a result of the Treaty of Riga. The article presents the political activity of Joachim Wołoszynowski and his profile as a supporter of Ukraine, the father of the idea of cooperativity in Podole, the editor of the Kiev newspaper and a politician in the Republic of Poland. His articles confirms the views of the author and his interests.
EN
Polish-Ukrainian relations have a rich, a centuries history, going back to the Middle Ages, but its specific dimension reached during the great changes which brought together the outbreak of the First World War. The development of the national idea of Europe in the second half of nineteenth century, stimulated Ukrainian political wheels to make efforts to obtain autonomy, which had become a prelude to the creation of an independent state. The effect of these changes became proclamation, even by the official end of hostilities in 1918, two Ukrainian states. These events, however, were in constant conflict with the Polish reason of state. Polish political circles stood for the view that the Polish indigenous lands – and as such recognize, among others Eastern Galicia, and Chelmszczyzna and Wolyn – had to be covered by the borders of the Polish state. That position led to a war with the Ukrainians at the turn of October and November 1918. Fierce fighting, a memorial which still remain a numbers of Polish and Ukrainian, mausoleums and cemeteries in the Eastern Galicia, lasting several months.
PL
Celem artykułu jest ukazanie stosunków polsko-ukraińskich przed i na początku II wojny światowej w świetle wybranej prozy kresowej. Studium pokazuje, że relacje między dwiema nacjami były skomplikowanym pod względem społeczno-politycznym procesem w okresie przed i na początku II wojny światowej. Stosunki te, mimo pozornej harmonii i zgody w okresie przedwojennym, z czasem przetransformowały się w traumatyczne konflikty na początku wojny. Zwieńczeniem ich stało się ludobójstwo Polaków dokonane przez Ukraińców w kolaboracji z Sowietami i Niemcami.
EN
The aim of this article is to show the Polish-Ukrainian relations before and at the beginning of World War II in the light of the selected borderland prose. The study shows that the relationship between the two nations was complicated in terms of socio-political process in the period before and at the beginning of World War II. 'ose relations, despite the alleged harmony and concord in the prewar period of time turned into traumatic conflicts at the beginning of the war. The culmination of it was a genocide of Poles carried out by the Ukrainians in collaboration with the Soviets and the Germans.
EN
The author has attempted to collect and systematize the opinions of various historians on the issue of Polish-Ukrainian relations in Volhynia in the context of the national politics of the Russian government between 1795 and 1862. Presenting different phases of the tsars’ politics towards the Poles and Ruthenians until the outbreak of the January Uprising, he has shown the evolution of opinions of Russian, Polish and Ukrainian historians on that issue over the centuries from the nineteenth century until modern times.
EN
The parliamentary debate on commemorating murdered Poles on the 60th anniversary of the Volhynian tragedy showed the levels of political conflict in Poland. The parliamentary divisions on the commemoration of the tragic events did not follow the left – right axis. In principle, all political parties wanted to establish good Polish–Ukrainian relations. However, there were strong divisions in the assessment of historical facts which continually caused tension in bilateral Polish-Ukrainian relations.
EN
Polish-Ukrainian reconciliation was one of the most momentous events for the East Central Europe in the second half of the 20th century. Religious hierarchs of both nations contributed a lot to interethnic reconciliation. Polish-Ukrainian rapprochement was remarkable for particularly involvement of representatives of the Catholic Church into this process and keeping aloof of Orthodox clergy from normalization of Polish-Ukrainian relations. The recommendations of the Second Vatican Council, encyclicals of Saint John XXIII, Paul VI and John Paul II and implementation of the principle “We forgive and are asking for forgivness” created preconditions for interethnic reconciliation. Saint John XXIII in his encyclical “Pacem in terris” had criticized the idea of peacekeeping by an arms race and the balance of power doctrine – “real and lasting peace between nations must be based not on a balance of power but on mutual confidence”. Activities of Pope John Paul II gave a powerful incentive to Polish-Ukrainian reconciliation. The role of Churches as a kind of people’s diplomacy one could resort to increased when complicated interethnic problems weren’t managed to resolve at government level. The most important actions of Rome Catholic and Greek Catholic Churches in behalf of interethnic rapprochement were celebration of the 1000th Anniversary of the Christianization of Rus'-Ukraine, Eucharistic Congress in 2003, joint appeals on the occasion of Volhynian massacre. The achievement of Polish-Ukrainian reconciliation based on universal values and Christian civilization was an evidence of new European thinking and significant factor of building of the united Europe.
XX
The subject of the research is an attitude of Chief National Committee (CNC), significant Polish, political organization in the time of World War I, towards the Ukrainian national movement and its postulates. CNC came into being in august 1914 as political background of Polish Legions fighting in Austro-Hungarian army. Chief National Committee also played the role of a main exponent of Austro-Polish conception: an idea of creation self-governing Poland under the rule of Habsburg dynasty. In the first two years of war this conception had the strongest position among the others, numerous ideas of reconstruction of Poland. The same time brought also the rapid Ukrainian national rebirth. Ukrainians, mainly these living in Austro-Hungarian Galicia, firmly demanded to single out a new province of the Habsburg monarchy, covering the area of Eastern Galicia and city of Lvov. This idea was of course contradictory to the Polish plans, so campaigning for its own conceptions Chief National Committee had to face Ukrainian demands. Aim of the article is to present these works and opinions of politicians and journalists working for CNC, that refer to the Ukrainian question. Remarkable attention is also paid to the Polish ideas of Ukrainian presence and autonomy in future, independent Poland. Finally, both mental and political sources of the attitude of Polish activists towards Ukrainian national movement are briefly investigated in this work. Problems touched in this work seem to be crucial to understand the fact, that after final collapse of the Habsburg monarchy in autumn 1918, unsolved Polish-Ukrainian conflict led to the breakout of a regular war. Article is based on scientific descriptions, memoirs and archival materials available in the State Archive in Cracow.
EN
In this article the author has attempted to present the policy of the Galician conservative politicians towards the Ukrainian question between 1908 and 1911. The text emphasizes the deepening political differences within the conservative camp; the main reason for that were different perceptions of the Ukrainian question. While governor Bobrzyński and his fellow members of the Cracow party wanted to appease the Polish-Ukrainian relations, the majority of their Eastern Galician compatriots, “Podolacy”, were against any concessions to the Ukrainians. Among moot points were: the question of establishing a Ukrainian university, the attitude of Polish factions to the Western Ukrainian Russophile movement, and the reform of the electoral law to the Sejm. The mutual relations deteriorated also, the author argues, due to the nationalistic feeling running high on both sides and reluctance to making any concessions to the other side.
EN
In this article the author explores the Ukrainian motifs in Eugeniusz Tkaczyszyn-Dycki’s poetry, which appear from the first volume to the last, so they are durable. At the beginning the research examines Dycki’s interest in the Baroque, because in this period Ruthenian (Ukrainian) motifs began to appear. The paper presents the theses on Eastern themes by Dycki, which were described by other researchers, to which the author referred and which he creatively developed. The article has stated that the theory of post-colonialism does not fully match the Polish-Ukrainian realities. In Dycki’s works we notice an attempt to build an idyll in Polish-Ukrainian relations, and at the same time its disintegration was shown. The author of the article has found an analogy for this attitude of alienation and disinheritance in the interpretation of the life and work of Jean Genet, which was presented by Jean-Paul Sartre in his book „Saint Genet, Actor and Martyr”. The research has reconstructed family relations with his father and mother in Dycki’s poetry, and also examined the function of Ukrainian words appearing in his poems. First of all, his relationship with his mother, indicating an emotional dependence, attracts attention.
EN
The author analyzes the Polish political elite’s reactions to the events in Ukraine at the end of 2013 and in 2014. The aim of the analysis is to study the behavior of state authorities, as well as parliamentary groups toward the Euromaidan and the Ukrainian crisis, and also an attempt to answer the question about the role of Poland in the above context on the international arena. Particular sections of the article explore the activity of state authorities, including the president, prime minister, and the head of Polish diplomacy, indicating the successes and failures of their actions. The author draws attention to the attitude of political parties to the socio-political situation in Ukraine. The author concludes that the current Polish-Ukrainian and Polish-Russian relations, as well as the recurring question of the Polish security policy on the European arena pose a challenge to the Polish political elite.
EN
The present study analyzes the reaction of the subjectively selected titles of the daily Polish press to the signing of the Pilsudski-Petlura agreement. The article examines the consequences of the pact for the concerned parties and the significance of the treaty for the formation of the relations between the Second Polish Republic and Bolshevik Russia, and thus for the Polish government’s Eastern policy. The article also explores the extent of the publicists’ knowledge of the course of the talks between Poland and the Ukrainian People’s Republic.
EN
Today, problems related to intercultural communication are actively studied by representatives of various sciences. As a result of this study, many concepts related to intercultural communication have been introduced, which have become the subject of research in both scientific and practical fields. Often, in defining intercultural communication, representatives of cultural studies, sociology, psychology and linguistics emphasize their professional approach to this phenomenon and reflect their unique view of it. This article focuses on the theoretical and practical aspects of intercultural communication and cultural exchange within the framework of Polish-Ukrainian relations in the context of current events, in particular Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Polish support for Ukraine has become important and has many aspects, including humanitarian aid, political support, and economic cooperation. This support contributes to strengthening mutual understanding and solidarity between the Polish and Ukrainian peoples, as well as promotes the exchange of culture and traditions. The article presents a study of cultural exchange and interaction between the Ukrainian and Polish communities during the military actions in Ukraine. Focusing on the period after the invasion, the study examines the intense cultural exchange that took place between the two national groups. This exchange included the exchange of art, literary works, musical performances, and other cultural expressions. It reflects the efforts of both nations to maintain friendly relations and promote mutual understanding in a complex geopolitical context. Cultural exchange contributes to the expansion of knowledge, deepening of understanding and perception of another culture. Art, literature, and other cultural expressions allow people to get acquainted with the world and traditions of other nations, which makes it possible to form common values and opens a dialogue between Ukrainians and Poles. This dialogue helps to increase mutual understanding and improve relations between these communities in the face of historical challenges. It also examines various practical aspects of organizing cultural initiatives and further developing interaction between Ukrainian and Polish cultural heritage after the Russian invasion. These aspects include the organization of joint cultural events, cultural exchange, joint projects in the field of education, and so on. The study opens up new promising horizons for understanding cultural interactions in the context of global change and contributes to deepening interaction between national communities.
EN
The paper analyzes the images of the Jewish pohrom in the short stories written by a Polish writer Maria Konopnicka “Mendel Gdański” (1890) and by the Ukrainian writer Leonid Pakharevsky “The Father” (1906). The research is made within a framework of comparative analysis. Both authors depict pohroms with an image of an old Jewish man caring for his children or grandchildren. In the wake of anti-Jewish riots the protagonists are undergoing deep personal changes. Mendel loses his love for his city, while Leisor loses his passionary illusions and became involved in an armed struggle for freedom. Konopnicka focuses on the natural belonging of the Jewish population to Polish society and more broadly to the Eastern European multicultural space. Pakharevsky outlines the generation gap. While the older Jews accepts death without resistance, guided by faith in the promised biblical land, the younger Jews denies these illusions and defends their life resolutely. In addition, Konopnicka and Pakharevsky are looking for preconditions for the pohrom. According to them, the only reasons are social prejudices, stereotypes, as well as a criminal factor, to wit the role of criminals and lumpen in anti-Semitic actions. Both short stories use the technique of instilling a sense of danger, although Pakharevsky’s story begins with a scene of fire and a direct attack. Eventually, the pohroms indeed lead to a real escalation of hostility and a painful rift between the Jewish and non-Jewish worlds. In closing, these stories are not only about the genesis and the course of anti-Semitic pohroms, but also universal categories. Importantly, the process of self-determination of the Jewish people nowadays and the renewal of Jewish identity are intelligently represented here.
EN
The aim of this article is to present the forms of assistance (institutional and social) received by Ukrainian citizens in Poland due to the ongoing hostilities on the territory of their country. The author illustrates the outline of relations between Poland and Ukraine and refers to previous research on the attitude of Poles towards Ukrainians (e.g. CBOS reports). Next, the adopted conceptual apparatus is described on the basis of the literature on the subject, including the ambiguity of the legal aspect of refugees and the definition of social support adopted for the purposes of the research from a functional approach. A case study was chosen as the research method, and the material for the analysis consisted of non-reactive data (analysis of the content of the Act of 12 March 2022 on assistance to citizens of Ukraine in connection with the armed conflict on the territory of that country; posts and comments posted by Polish citizens on Facebook groups, including, among others, the „Help for Ukraine” group, which has over 580,000 members) and the results from the field pilot study - the study involved 9 women who crossed the Ukrainian-Polish border in the period from 24 February 2022. The field research was exploratory in nature and its main objective was to verify the assessment of institutions and received social support by Ukrainian refugees residing in Poland. The analysis of the data made it possible to outline the main areas of institutional support, to distinguish four types of social support (emotional, informational, instrumental and material), which indicates solidarity and willingness of Polish society to help Ukrainians. The results of the field research show a positive assessment of the activities carried out by state institutions and Polish society in the opinion of female respondents, who unanimously indicated Poland as a country providing special assistance to Ukraine (the following countries were placed in order: UK, Lithuania, Czech Republic, USA). The author indicates, however, that the problems and issues raised in the article are not exhaustive and further stages of field research are planned.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie reakcji władz polskich oraz społeczeństwa polskiego na eskalację konfliktu zbrojnego na terytorium Ukrainy wywołanego przez inwazję Federacji Rosyjskiej 24.02.2022 r. przy uwzględnieniu kontekstu relacji Polski i Ukrainy oraz Polaków i Ukraińców. Autor na podstawie literatury przedmiotu przedstawia zarys współczesnych relacji dyplomatycznych Polski i Ukrainy. Kolejno weryfikuje stosunek społeczeństwa polskiego do kilku aspektów za pośrednictwem danych niereaktywnych, opracowań analitycznych, w tym raportów i komunikatów z badań: narodu ukraińskiego, opinii na temat przyjmowania uchodźców wojennych z Ukrainy, formy zaangażowania obywateli Polski na rzecz uchodźców z Ukrainy. W pracy powołano się także na doniesienia medialne, oficjalne stanowiska polityków udostępniane za pośrednictwem mediów społecznościowych oraz komunikaty rządowe, co umożliwiło przeprowadzenie analizy reakcji władz polskich na inwazję Rosji na Ukrainę. Z kolei w ramach obszaru działań legislacyjnych została krótko scharakteryzowana tzw. specustawa o pomocy uchodźcom z Ukrainy. Główne wnioski z badań: Polska jest ważnym partnerem Ukrainy na arenie międzynarodowej; od samego początku inwazji Rosji na Ukrainę władze Polski podejmują konkretne działania, których celem jest pomoc uchodźcom wojennym; wojna na Ukrainie oraz napływ uchodźców z Ukrainy to w opinii społeczeństwa polskiego najważniejsze wydarzenia roku 2022; Polacy są za przyjmowaniem uchodźców z Ukrainy, a wielu z nich aktywnie uczestniczyło w pomocy Ukrainie i Ukraińcom; w dyskursie politycznym i społecznym udostępniane są także przekazy dezinformujące na temat uchodźców i pomocy oferowanej im przez Polskę; wizerunek Ukraińców ukształtowany w wyniku doświadczeń historycznych nie miał większego przełożenia na postawę i zaangażowanie społeczeństwa polskiego w pomoc na rzecz uchodźców i Ukrainy.
EN
This article concerns problems of the Ukrainian national movement, Ukrainian-Polish relations and socio-political life in Austrian Galicia viewed by the Ukraine-oriented (connected with the activity of the so-called gromady established by Ukrainian inteligentia) press of the Russian empire from the 60s of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. It has been based on the analysis of the texts published in the Petersburg scientific-literary journal “Osnowa” – “Canvas” („Основа”, 1861–1862), newspaper “Kijowski Telegraf” – “Kiev Telegraph” („Киевский Телеграф”, 1875–1876) and a historic-ethnographic and literary journal “Kijowska Starina” („Киевская Старина”, 1882–1906). The author also raises the problem of Ukrainian national unity on both sides of the Russian-Austrian border and whether or not Galician Ruthenians to the Ukrainian nation. Publications concerning Galicia in Ukrainian periodicals in Russia were most frequently brief, their contents prove weak contacts among leaders of the Ukrainian movement in the Russian empire and Habsburg monarchy. Despite strong censorship on the part of the Russian authorities, the editorial boards of Ukrainian journals favorably commented the activity of Ukrainian national activists in Galicia. They criticized, however, the supporters of the Moscow-oriented fraction.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy problemów ukraińskiego ruchu narodowego, stosunków ukraińsko- -polskich oraz życia społeczno-politycznego w austriackiej Galicji w ujęciu ukrainofilskiej (powiązanej z działalnością tworzonych przez ukraińską inteligencję tzw. gromad) prasy Imperium Rosyjskiego od lat 60. XIX w. do początku XX w. Oparty został na analizie tekstów publikowanych na łamach petersburskiego naukowo-literackiego miesięcznika „Osnowa” („Основа”, 1861–1862), gazety „Kijowski Telegraf” („Киевский Телеграф”, 1875–1876) oraz pisma historyczno- etnograficznego i literackiego „Kijowska Starina” („Киевская Старина”, 1882–1906). Autor podnosi w nim też problem ukraińskiej jedności narodowej po obu stronach rosyjskoaustriackiej granicy i przynależności Rusinów galicyjskich do narodu ukraińskiego. Publikacje dotyczące Galicji na łamach ukraińskich periodyków w Rosji były najczęściej lakoniczne, ich treści świadczą o słabości kontaktów między przywódcami ukraińskiego ruchu w Imperium Rosyjskim i monarchii habsburskiej. Mimo silnej cenzury ze strony władz rosyjskich redakcje pism ukraińskich przychylnie komentowały działalność ukraińskich narodowców w Galicji, natomiast krytykowały zwolenników orientacji moskalofilskiej.
17
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PL
Można dziś mówić o wyraźnym polsko-ukraińskim procesie pojednawczym o charakterze chrześcijańskim. Działania pojednawcze między obu narodami nastawione są na przełamywanie negatywnych stereotypów, przezwyciężanie konfliktów w sferze symbolicznej poprzez odwoływanie się do chrześcijańskiej aksjologii.
EN
Nowadays we can talk about an explicit Polish-Ukrainian reconciliation process of a Christian nature. Reconciliation between the two nations is aimed at overcoming negative stereotypes, overcoming conflicts in the symbolic sphere by referring to Christian axiology.
EN
The article shows the influence of ethno-social problems on the Ukrainian-Polish relations in Right-Bank Ukraine. Author in the debate with researchers of the issued problem proves that at the late 18th and early 19th centuries Polish-Ukrainian relations weren’t of antagonistic character neither in the ethno-social nor in the ethno-political sphere. The author doesn’t idealize relations between Ukrainian peasants and Polish landowners, but argues that the nobility understood sense of human dignity and needed the support of the local inhabitants, especially after the defeat of the rebellion in 1830-1831. Peasants realized that their socialeconomic situation wouldn’t change: Russian landowners would come instead of Polish landowners. Therefore, there appeared political organizations aimed at complete emancipation of the peasants, transferring the lands to the property of peasants without compensation and the complete political equality irrespective of the social origin, religion and nationality.
19
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Łemkowski bilans XX stulecia

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EN
Lemkos is the farthest western ethnographic group of Ukrainians. The territory they inhabit consists of a triangular wedge jutting into West Slavic settlement, with Poles to the north and Slovacs to the south. In this paper author has analyzed situation of Lemkos in the XX century. Their situation is really difficult. The process of assimilation is coming on in extraneous enviroment. So threre is a threat of total disappearance of Lemkos in terms of seperate cultural group. The attempt of creating own, seperate Lemkos nationality seems to be impossible. Only reception of Ukrainian national identity opens a window of opportunity to salvage remains of Lemkos tradition.
EN
Mutual relations between The Communist party of Poland and The Communist party of Western Ukraine in 1920th are characterized with the presence of ponderable conflicts and recriminations. KPWU was fighting for a wide autonomy in the activity explaining it the features of development of political force on the territory of East Galicia and Volyn’ in a counterbalance to other Polish territories. KPP tried to centralize guidance upon all communist forces in Poland for better control after activity of local organizations and their maximal efficiency. Persuasion that ІІ convention of KPP in 1923 settled all conflicts and allowed two parties to be completely incorporated and to act in concert is not confirmed by several inner-party crises that became especially noticeable in the second half 1920th.
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