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EN
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, and in the first democratic national elections of 1993, voter turnout in Latvia was 89.9 per cent. However, by the late 90s, participation levels had significantly decreased. Scholars have pointed out that this decrease was a result of people gradually learning the limits of democratic governance while tackling the feeling of political powerlessness and decreasing trust in politicians and political institutions - all of which have had negative effects on civil society and democratic ideals. Youths in particular were affected by the sum of all this, seeing, first-hand, income inequality, economic stagnation, corruption, and personal unemployment (or that of their parents). All this, combined with a lack of democratic traditions, has resulted in scepticism and political apathy. This paper shows that, since 2009, Latvia has seen a decrease in all forms of political participation, including a share of its youths who run as MP candidates in elections. The paper aims to clarify what would help bring Latvian youths back into politics.
EN
The article examines the institutional processes in Austro-Hungary’s ethnopolitics on the rights and needs of ethnic actors, processes of internal and external institutionalization of Ukrainian, Polish, Jewish, Romanian and German political actors in Galicia and Bukovina. There is characterized the legal basis for the formalization of political participation of citizens, policy priorities of the state in terms of ethnic awakening. There is traced the genesis of ethnic political mobilization of the catalyst, there is defined the ratio of occupational structure and lines of social division in ethnic terms. There ale analysed platforms and strategies of political parties created along ethnic lines. There ale examined factors of electoral and protest participation, catalysts competition between ethnonational communities with different statuses, variability of protection of group interests, compromises and consensus of formal and informal ethnic actors.
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