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O malowidle Chrystus jako „Fons Vitae” z pocysterskiego kościoła parafialnego św. św. Jakuba Starszego i Mikołaja Biskupa w Mechowie koło Pucka

100%

Rumanowski P.

Hereditas Monasteriorium

2014

vol. 4

173-196

The article approaches the issue of the cultural heritage of the Pomerelia Cistercians. The monks were patrons of art and initiated the creation of numerous paintings. Their activity gained particular importance following the Council of Trent, when the Church acknowledged the role of the iconographic expression as a medium for the propagation of the Catholic faith. Drawing on Thomas Aquinas’s thought, it revived the notion of the didactic function of paintings, which at the same time served decorative purposes in churches. In the Reformation period, painting had to appeal to the faithful because the dissenters questioned the dogmas of faith and the role of art in temples. After the Council of Trent, the Cistercians initiated pastoral work among the faithful. The new activity – the defense of the dogmas of faith – required collaboration with the world of arts. In order to carry out their plans, the Cistercians engaged the services of outstanding painters, among them Gdańsk-based Herman Han. The works from this master’s workshop found many imitators. His copyists’ style exhibited characteristics referred to as the school of Herman Han. Among its works there is a painting titled Christ as “Fons Vitae” from the Seven Sacraments altar in the Cistercian church in Pelplin. The paintings content symbolically illustrates the close relationship between Christ’s Passion and the Church’s sacraments, and was meant to be a response to the dissenters’ questioning of the role of sacraments. The painting in question has a copy: a painting at the parish church in Mechowo, a village near Puck, formerly located within the boundaries of the Cistercian dominion. The motif of Christ represented as a spring of life has not received art historians’ attention; no stylistic or historical analysis of the work has been made so far. The author approaches the issue of the Mechowo replica, endeavouring to explain the iconographic sources of the depicted figures, determine the history of the painting, and assess its artistic value. The painting attracted the author’s attention, since it evidences a new form of monks’ activity, not exclusively in municipal centres. The article reminds the readers of the existence of works commissioned by Cistercian patrons, important for the history of the Church, kept in small, often obscure temples.

Sieć młynów wodnych w dobrach klasztornych na Pomorzu Wschodnim w XIII-XVI w.

86%

Kubicki R.

Hereditas Monasteriorium

2013

vol. 2

35-56

The study is devoted to the reconstruction of the process of watermills network developing in the estates of separate monasteries in Eastern Pomerania on the background of general milling trends development in this area. Considering this subject, three distinct stages were identified: up to 1308, when the representatives of local dynasty ruled, the years 1309-1454, so the rule of the Teutonic Order, and the period after 1454, in this case limited with the frames of this article to the end of 16th century. The monasteries, thanks to the owned assets and organizational capabilities, have played an important role in the watermills’network developing, especially in the ducal period, up to 1308. Although the monks were not the pioneers in the wastelands management and construction of the first watermills in these areas, they have acted as the main users of existing and newly built mills along with the territorial rulers in the course of time. A certain change has brought the rule of the Teutonic Knights, who ran a consequent economic policy towards other entities, including in particular the monasteries possessing extensive grants from the earlier period. Their actions clearly hindered the further development of the monastic estates, forcing their owners to improve organization of the already held premises. Additionally, on that has imposed the general legal and organizational processes change in the rural economy, also occurring in the goods of great monastic property. Due to that fact each congregation was trying to led self-sufficient economic policy, of which manifestation in the flour milling was imposition of milling coercion on the possessed villages, and conscious construction of own, independent from external conditions, network of milling machines. This policy was continued even after 1454, when the control of the public authority was not so strict. The new circumstance at that time was the abolishment of milling regalia, what enabled the rapid development of mill networks in private estates, possibly including the monastic premises. Different factors were subject to change in the network of hydro-powered devices in the territories belonging to the Cistercians of Oliwa. The proximity of Gdańsk, the great urban center, experiencing at that time a massive economic development resulted, that the monastery has become a natural partner for the actions taken by local townspeople. By investing their capital in the construction of more hydro-powered devices on the monastery’s two major waterways, they led to establishment of about 30 devices, in the vast majority – of industrial mills. The case of Oliwa, fundamentally different from other monasteries, was a result of cooperation between two different partners: the monastery – representing the model of a traditional rural economy, and the investors possessing large assets– urban entrepreneurs. In addition to the considerations presented in the article, there is enclosed the monastic mill network map illustrating the status quo in the second half of the 16 th century.

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2 Hereditas Monasteriorium

1 Kubicki R.

1 Rumanowski P.

1 2014

1 2013

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O malowidle Chrystus jako „Fons Vitae” z pocysterskiego kościoła parafialnego św. św. Jakuba Starszego i Mikołaja Biskupa w Mechowie koło Pucka

Sieć młynów wodnych w dobrach klasztornych na Pomorzu Wschodnim w XIII-XVI w.