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EN
Research conducted in 2017 at ul. Stary Rynek in Słupsk provided numerous post-medieval archaeological sources, constituting material evidence of the everyday life of the town's inhabitants in the period from the 17th to the 19th century. The article presents for the first time 266 fragments of clay pipes, the presence of which confirms tobacco consumption in the town. After determining the provenance of the products, it was indicated that both the 17th-century specimens and those dated to the first half of the 18th century come from Netherlands workshops (Types 2 and 3). Parts of pipes dating from the second half of the 18th to the 19th century were identified as products of Prussian manufactures, including Rościn and Weissenspring. The main profile of clay pipe products used by the inhabitants of Słupsk are one-piece pipes. A preliminary thesis can be formulated that the use of this category of pipes is part of the culture of tobacco consumption characteristic of Pomeranian centres and the western part of today's territory of Poland. This distinguishes the material setting of tobacco consumption from the phenomena recorded in central, southern and eastern Poland, where clay compound pipes were used, appearing in assemblages in proportions larger or similar to those of one-piece pipes. Słupsk is located in the communication zones and transport network between three main historical commercial centres – Szczecin, Kołobrzeg and Gdańsk. Comparison of the materials obtained from these cities and surrounding areas with the finds from Słupsk allowed for the formulation of the first observations regarding the specificity of these products. Pipes from the first quarter of the 17th century are recorded in Gdańsk and Szczecin. There is a significant difference in the number of these pipes in both centres, of which Gdańsk stands out for the abundance of this category of products, while in Szczecin only single items were found. In Stargard, neighbouring Szczecin, one specimen was registered dated to around the mid-17th century. Materials from Słupsk dating from around the mid-17th century correspond more closely to Kołobrzeg and Szczecin in this respect. Among the products dated to the first half of the 18th century, type 2 bowls from Słupsk with the following signatures: a pipe under the crown, the Gouda coat of arms, a crescent (from the top) correspond to products from Gdańsk, where they are also repeatable in this co-occurrence. Instead, younger type 3 pipes, including those with the Hamburg coat of arms signature, not previously recorded in Gdańsk, refer to assemblages from Szczecin and Stargard. In terms of numbers, individual products with the snake signature are registered in Gdańsk, while their presence is quite numerous in the West Pomeranian region. A similar situation was recorded for materials dating from the second half of the 18th to the 19th century. For Słupsk, they are more comparable to the West Pomeranian region, where both early products from Rościn and Weissenspring are registered, which have no analogy in Gdańsk. To sum up, at the current stage it can be preliminary indicated that the oldest pipes from Słupsk confirming tobacco consumption in the town, are dated from around the mid-17th century. This situation differs from the phenomena observed in larger port cities, where this reaches the end of the 16th or the beginning of the 17th century. A preliminary analysis of the profile of products used for tobacco consumption in Słupsk from the material side shows its greater connection with Eastern Pomerania in the period from the 17th to the first quarter of the 18th century. The change takes place in the second quarter or around the mid-18th century, at which time the range of products corresponds to the pipes distributed in Western Pomerania. The preliminary conclusions formulated on the basis of the analysis performed require further verification in terms of enlarging the source database. The state of research on pipes from Pomeranian towns, with the exception of studies relating to Stargard and Gdańsk, has practically not been updated in relation to the first publications from about thirty years ago. Studies on issues related to tobacco consumption require expanding the source base, therefore even small collections of artefacts, including those from archaeological research in Słupsk, constitute valuable information for further analyses.
EN
Archaeological research carried out in Żuławy provides a lot of data on the relics of buildings and everyday life of the former inhabitants of these areas preserved in everyday objects obtained during excavations. The abundance and diversity of collections of movable sources largely exceeds the possibilities of formulating comprehensive scientific studies devoted to selected categories of artefacts. A special category of finds, of which we have very little data from the area of Żuławy, are items related to tobacco consumption. Excavation works carried out at the High Castle in Malbork in 2015 provided a small assemblage consisting of 81 fragments, an interesting research group of clay pipes constituting a material evidence of tobacco consumption in the city. Until now, sources of this category have not been published in the context of excavations carried out in Malbork. The small size of the assemblage and in all registered situations in the field, their secondary depositing in the backfill layers do not diminish the importance of the sources in the broader geographical context, i.e. their use in Malbork. The paper presents the acquired products, amongst them Dutch, English and Prussian pipes were identified, which chronology was determined from the 17th to the 18th century. The presented sources form the basis for preliminary remarks on the dispersion of sources and their chronology in the studied region.
PL
Badania archeologiczne prowadzone na Żuławach dostarczają licznych danych dotyczących odsłanianych reliktów zabudowy i życia codziennego dawnych mieszkańców tych terenów utrwalonego w przedmiotach codziennego użytku pozyskiwanych podczas wykopalisk. Liczebność i różnorodność zbiorów źródeł ruchomych w dużym stopniu przewyższa możliwości formułowania wyczerpujących opracowań naukowych poświęconych wybranym kategoriom przedmiotów. Szczególną kategorią znalezisk, o której z terenu Żuław posiadamy niewiele danych są przedmioty związane z konsumpcją tytoniu. Prace wykopaliskowe prowadzone na Zamku Wysokim w Malborku w 2015 roku dostarczyły niewielki liczący 81 fragmentów, interesujący badawczo zespół fajek ceramicznych stanowiący materialne świadectwo konsumpcji tytoniu w mieście. Do tej pory w kontekście prac wykopaliskowych prowadzonych w Malborku nie opublikowano źródeł tej kategorii. Niewielka liczebność zbioru i we wszystkich zarejestrowanych w terenie sytuacjach ich wtórne zdeponowanie w warstwach zasypiskowych nie umniejszają znaczenia źródeł w szerszym kontekście geograficznym, czyli użytkowania ich w Malborku. W artykule zaprezentowano pozyskane wyroby, wśród nich zidentyfikowano fajki niderlandzkie, angielskie i pruskie, których chronologię określono od XVII do XVIII wieku. Zaprezentowane źródła stanowią podstawę wstępnych uwag dotyczących dyspersji źródeł i ich chronologii w badanym regionie.
EN
Archaeological exploration of the southern crypt in the church of the Exaltation of the Holly Cross in Tczew revealed details of excavated burials, although apparently only in small parts. Unfortunately, disorder in the crypt, caused by intruders in the past, contributed to damages in original coffins location and individual body protections, i.e. wooden coffins. Their shorter sides, which sometimes contain information concerning the dead, did not survive. Their total destruction was an obstacle in identifying the buried bodies, but the researchers continued exploration, which revealed textiles, wreaths fragments and devotional objects, being grave goods. General question concerns the problems: who was buried in the crypt, when it was erected and who financed the project. Analysis of excavated objects, costume study and search for written sources let us partially reveal history of the studied crypt.
PL
Badania archeologiczne w krypcie południowej kościoła farnego pw. Podwyższenia Krzyża Św. w Tczewie odsłoniły szczegóły dotyczące odnalezionych pochówków, wydawałoby się w niewielkim zakresie. Niestety bałagan panujący w krypcie spowodowany przez intruzów odwiedzających ten przybytek, pozbawił zmarłych ich pierwotnej lokalizacji i indywidualnej osłony w postaci drewnianych trumien. Nie zachowały się w całości krótkie boki trumien, na których czasami znajdowane są informacje dotyczące zmarłych. Całkowite zniszczenie tych elementów pozbawiło badaczy indywidualnych informacji. Jednak sytuacja ta nie zniechęciła badaczy do dalszej eksploracji. Wydobyto tkaniny, fragmenty wianków czy dewocjonalia, w które wyposażono zmarłych. Główne pytanie, to: kto spoczął w krypcie, kiedy została wybudowana i kto finansował realizację jej projektu? Analiza wydobytych obiektów archeologicznych, kostiumologiczna i oczywiście poszukiwanie źródeł pisanych oraz studia nad nimi, pozwoliły przynajmniej w częściowym zakresie przybliżyć historię funkcjonowania badanej krypty.
EN
W-34 shipwreck represents a small, coastal merchant-vessel, used in the local seafaring within Gulf of Gdańsk. It was found close to the shoreline in Redłowo (present-day district of Gdynia). The ship was probably built in one of the minor, regional shipyards, between 17th and 18th century. For its construction were used oak and pine timbers from the local sources of Gdańsk region. The vessel was built in shell-first method with the use of lapstrake planking as its main structure integrity. At some point in its career, the vessel was equipped with the additional carvel planking, attached on the outboard side of the outer hull’s hell. These characteristics were observed on the other 11 shipwreck sites, located around the southern part of the Baltic Sea. Due to the shore conditions in the area of Gdynia-Orłowo and Redłowo, it seems possible that additional layer of carvel plankings was used to secure the bottom part of W-34 against rockery seabed.
PL
Odkryty w okolicach Gdynii-Redłowa wrak W-34 stanowi przykład niewielkiego frachtowca, wykorzystywanego w przybrzeżnej żegludze po akwenie Zatoki Gdańskiej. Jednostka zbudowana została najprawdopodobniej w jednym z lokalnych warsztatów szkutniczych na przełomie XVII i XVIII w. W konstrukcji wykorzystano drewno dębowe i sosnowe z obszaru Pomorza Gdańskiego. Kadłub wraku wykonano w technice skorupowej, łącząc zakładkowo elementy poszycia i uzupełniając konstrukcje od wewnątrz elementami szkieletu. Uwagę zwraca fakt zastosowania na zewnętrznej stronie kadłuba dodatkowego poszycia, w postaci układanych na styk dębowych klepek. Podobne rozwiązania zaobserwowano dotąd na 11 innych stanowiskach wrakowych w rejonie Morza Bałtyckiego, datowanych na okres XV – XIX w. Biorąc pod uwagę warunki hydrologiczne panujące w pobliżu stanowiska, możliwe, że zewnętrzna warstwa poszycia służyła dodatkowej ochronie dolnych partii kadłuba w trakcie nawigacji po płytkich częściach akwenu, gdzie występuje kamieniste dno.
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