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EN
The Warsaw ”Exhibition of Antiquities belonged to a series of events that were a part of the panEuropean fashion for popularising the achievements of fine arts, scholarship and industry in the form of presentations or exhibitions open to the general public. The exhibition opened in June 1856 in the private palace of the Count and Countess August Potocki at Krakowskie Przedmieście 32 and continued for more than half a year. Beside the Potockis, its coorganisers were outstanding scholars and collectors, such as Paweł Bolesław Podczaszyński, Karol Bayer, Edward Rastawiecki, Henryk Stecki and Kazimierz Stronczyński. The aim of the exhibition was to gather and showcase objects linked directly with historical figures and events that reinforced the sense of national identity in the period when Poland was not an independent state; for this reason the event was disguised as one aimed to collect funds for charitable purposes. The Potockis lent 288 pieces from their own collections; 123 of them have survived to our times. The exhibition was accompanied by the publication of pioneering books, including a catalogue and an album which is today considered the first iconographic register of historical monuments in the Polish lands. This exhibition has provided the focus for a new permanent exhibition currently under preparation at the Wilanów Palace.
EN
The Potocki family contributed greatly to Wilanów gardens in two fundamental aspects: they developed the landscape arrangement of the palace and park, and they created alarge collection of glasshouse and orangery plants. Exotic plants were grown in the garden grounds in an orangery, a conservatory for fig trees, two hothouses, a glasshouse and two conservatories for pineapples. Until now, the species composition of the plant collection was known only from fragmentary information in the press covering garden exhibitions, in which Countess Aleksandra Potocka was actively involved. The missing information was found in two previously unknown inventories of 1856 and 1857 kept in the collection of the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw (AGAD). They contain lists of glasshouse and orangery plants prepared by the inspectors of the Wilanów gardens. The aim of the present research was to identify the reasons and conditions for the preparation of these inventories, and to characterize the plant species mentioned therein. Manuscripts were rewritten and decoded, and then analysed for historical aspects and detailed botanical information. The precise historical context of both documents was established after the comparison of historical plant names with the modern nomenclature, and a total of 763 plant species and varieties were identified. Most of these plants are native to tropical and subtropical regions of North America, South America or Asia. The extraordinary diversity and richness of the Wilanów collection of exotic plants indicates that the owners of the estate at that time, Count August Potocki and his wife Aleksandra, had a huge interest in botany and provided versatile forms of patronage to gardens.
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Norwid i Potoccy z Wilanowa

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EN
Wilanów is an important place on Norwid’s biographical and intellectual map, not only due to the cultivation of memory of his great “ancestor” John III Sobieski, but also because he learned to paint at the Warsaw studio of Aleksander Kokular, who was associated with Wilanów. Norwid maintained close contacts with the closest family of Wilanów’s owner, Count Aleksander Potocki: his second wife Countess Izabella nee Mostowska, primo voto Potocka, secondo voto Starzyńska, and her son Stanisław Potocki, grandson of Stanisław Kostka Potocki. Norwid even enjoyed the protection of Countess Starzyńska and would often meet in Paris with her son, an art collector, as well as exchange letters with him, mainly on the subject of art. Perhaps they visited together Hôtel Drouot, an art auction house in Paris.
PL
Wilanów to miejsce na biograficznej i intelektualnej mapie norwidowskiej bardzo ważne nie tylko ze względu na kultywowaną w nim pamięć o wielkim „przodku” poety – Janie III Sobieskim. Norwid uczył się w warszawskiej „malarni” związanego z Wilanowem Aleksandra Kokulara, utrzymywał także bliskie kontakty z najbliższą rodziną właściciela dóbr wilanowskich – hrabiego Aleksandra Potockiego: jego drugą żoną hrabiną Izabellą z Mostowskich, primo voto Potocką, secondo voto Starzyńską, oraz z jej synem Stanisławem Potockim (wnukiem Stanisława Kostki Potockiego). Cieszył się nawet protekcją hrabiny Starzyńskiej, a z jej synem, kolekcjonerem, wielokrotnie spotykał się w Paryżu i prowadził z nim korespondencję poświęconą głównie kwestiom sztuki. Być może wizytowali też wspólnie paryski dom aukcyjny Hôtel Drouot.
EN
In old Poland, when one of the spouses died, the surviving parent took over not only the care of the orphaned children, but also of their property, making every effort to prevent it from squandering. As the consequence of the almost simultaneous death in February 1768 of the married couple Marianna neé Kątska, and Eustachy Potocki, the care of their children had to be assigned to the relatives or trusted associates of the late Lithuanian artillery general. Eventually, the responsibility for the upbringing of the young Potockis fell upon Katarzyna Kossakowska née Potocka (d. 1803), their aunt and Eustachy’s younger sister. Kos sakowska was married to the castellan of Kamień. She carried out this duty between 1768–1772 and throughout this period she was also a legal leaseholder of the Potockis’ property. This meant that the guardianship of the Potockis’ children was directly connected to Kossakowska’s taking over the management of the property and preventing it from dissipating. This discourse is based on letters addressed to Katarzyna Kossakowska written by property administrators, stewards, and plenipotentiaries who had been subjects of the late parents. After their death, all of their staff, together with the leased property, ended up under Kossakowska’s management. Almost immediately, the staff began striving for her acceptance and trust to keep their positions, regularly reporting to the new benefactress on the economic condition of the lands and estates. The content of the studied correspondence allows us to witness the relations between the subjects and their benefactress and determine the economic and social background of the functioning of the Potockis’ estates under Kossakowska’s watchful eye.
PL
W dawnej Polsce po śmierci jednego ze współmałżonków, pozostający przy życiu ojciec lub matka przejmowali nie tylko opiekę nad osieroconymi dziećmi, ale także nad ich majątkiem, czyniąc wszelkie zabiegi, by nie doprowadzić do jego roztrwonienia. Sytuacja w rodzinie Marianny i Eustachego Potockich, zmarłych niemalże w tym samym czasie (w lutym 1768 r.) spowodowała, że do opieki nad dziećmi należało wyznaczyć krewnych lub zaufanych współpracowników generała artylerii litewskiej. Ostatecznie tutorstwo nad młodymi Potockimi przejęła ich ciotka, młodsza siostra Eustachego – Katarzyna z Potockich Kossakowska (zm. 1803), kasztelanowa kamieńska i sprawowała je w okresie od 1768 do 1772 r., otrzymując na ten czas od swego brata w dzierżawę wszystkie dobra należące do Potockich. Sprawowanie opieki nad dziećmi Potockich wiązało się więc bezpośrednio z przejęciem przez Kossakowską zarządu nad ich majątkiem. Podstawą źródłową do napisania niniejszych rozważań stały się listy kierowane do kasztelanowej kamieńskiej przez zarządców dóbr, ekonomów, plenipotentów, którzy wcześniej byli poddanymi Eustachego i Marianny z Kątskich, a po ich śmierci, wraz z dzierżawionymi przez Kossakowską dobrami, przeszli na jej służbę i niemalże od razu podjęli starania o zdobycie jej akceptacji, zaufania oraz utrzymanie się na dotychczasowych stanowiskach, regularnie przy tym raportując nowej dobrodziejce o stanie ekonomicznym gospodarstw. Treść przebadanej korespondencji pozwala więc spojrzeć na relacje, jakie łączyły poddanych z ich mocodawczynią oraz wskazać gospodarcze i społeczne podstawy funkcjonowania dóbr Potockich pod okiem Kossakowskiej.
EN
The article is dedicated to the process of forming a latifundium which was in the possession of Eustachy Potocki and his wife, Marianna née Kątska. Its creator was the Lithuanian sub-chancellor Stanisław Antoni Szczuka (died 1710). The property complex also included landed estates owned by Marcin (died 1710) and Jan Stanisław (died 1727) Kątski as well as Jerzy Potocki (died 1747). In total, Eustachy and Marianna Potocki were the owners of 11 cities, over 100 villages and 25 manors. These estates brought 460,000 Polish zlotys of annual income. After the deaths of both spouses in February 1768, their latifundium was divided among their five sons. The act of division was written in Warsaw in November 1771. Each of the heirs inherited landed estates bringing about 80,000 Polish zlotys net annual income. The division of the former latifundium of Eustachy and Marianna Potocki caused that their sons fell to the rank of poorer members of the Potocki family.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest procesowi formowania się latyfundium, które znalazło się w posiadaniu Eustachego Potockiego i jego żony Marianny z Kątskich. Jego twórcą był podkanclerzy litewski Stanisław Antoni Szczuka (zm. 1710). W skład omawianego kompleksu majątkowego weszły też dobra, które były własnością Marcina (zm. 1710) i Jana Stanisława (zm. 1727) Kątskich oraz Jerzego Potockiego (zm. 1747). Eustachy i Marianna Potoccy byli właścicielami łącznie 11 miast, ponad 100 wsi i 25 folwarków. Dobra te przynosiły 460 tys. złp. rocznego dochodu. Po śmierci obojga małżonków w lutym 1768 r. ich latyfundium zostało podzielone między ich pięciu synów. Akt podziałowy został spisany w Warszawie w listopadzie 1771 r. Na każdego ze spadkobierców przypadły dobra przynoszące ok. 80 tys. złp. dochodu rocznego netto. Podział dawnego latyfundium Eustachego i Marianny Potockich sprawił, że ich synowie spadli do rzędu uboższych członków rodziny Potockich.
EN
A valuable work associated with the output of Raphael is extant in the collection of the Museum of King Jan III's Palace at Wilanów. It constitutes a repetition of The Holy Family, a work by the Urbino master which used to be located in the church of Santa Maria del Popolo in Rome and which has been considered lost. The painting, also known as the Madonna del Velo, is now believed to be one and the same as The Holy Family or, as an alternative name, La Madone de Lorette, currently in Musée Condé in Chantilly. The history of Raphael's original is complex and often mysterious. Over a hundred of its copies and variants are known. Enchanted with the beauty of this work, Cardinal Paolo Emilio Sfondrati (1560-1618), a presbyter of the church of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere, purchased it in 1591 and allegedly commissioned two copies of it for his brothers. The author added the figure of an angel and a portrait of the cardinal to Raphael's original composition. The links known to have existed between Cardinal Sfondrati and the outstanding Baroque painter Guido Reni (1575-1642), as well as extant drawings and prints, have promoted the conjecture that he might be the author of this exceptional work. However, an exhaustive study of Guido Reni's output and a careful investigation of archive materials in Poland and in Italy are required to determine its authorship. The painting arrived in Wilanów around the middle of the 19th century, when the palace was owned by Count and Countess August Potocki. Four articles pertain to one of the most interesting, and most valuable, paintings in the Wilanów collection, the Madonna del Velo, discussing various issues linked with its history, its study and its conservation. The Wilanów version is particularly interesting because of its high artistic quality and the fact that it shares some stylistic features with works by Raphael considered to be its prototypes. The technological structure of the Wilanów painting and the materials used in its making were investigated in the course of a research project and with the involvement of many scholars representing various areas of expertise. Analyses were conducted which made it possible to describe the board used as the painting surface, the pigments and the binding agents of the painting's layers, which is of considerable importance in further research on the workshop that produced the work. An account of the recent conservation interventions involving this painting is appended to the material.
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