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Wybrane przepisy kodeksu rodzinnego i opiekuńczego jako źródła obowiązku gwaranta

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Kucwaj M.
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
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2010
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vol. LXXXII (82)
125-148
EN
Polish legislator in the 2nd article of the Polish Penal Code, introduced the establishment which is called institution of the guarantor. This function is legal basis to punish for consequences of somebody’s omission. Generally, failure in act does not attract criminal liability but statute intervenes to create offences of omission. By extension, the criminality of certain omissions may be contingent on a result or outcome. For this to be the case a person needs to be under a positive duty to act. This person, who is legally obligated to discharge one’s duty, is the guarantor. This institution is based on penal liability of person who is obligated to protect some goods. To bring the guarantor to account for his omission it is necessary to find a base in a civil law. Under the Polish law there are a lot of sources of obligations, which we can connect with criminal responsibility. The most important source is situated in the Family Code, where articles 87, 95 and 96 provides that parents are legally responsible for protecting their children. They have to preserve their children from every kind of danger, including self-endargement. Failure in these duties entails penal responsibility for consequences of the guarantor’s behaviour like death or severe disability. Another source of guarantor’s penal liability in the Family Code is the 23rd article. This regulation lays a duty upon a marriage couple. A husband and a wife are obligated to help and to support each other. When one of them is in a situation of endangerment, the other one ought to render assistance. If they fail their essential duties, they will incur the criminal responsibility for their omissions. It seems that institution of guarantor is indispensible in the criminal law, because it protects weighty relationships like family ties and the most important values, like life and health. Moreover owing to enforcement to the Polish Penal Code the 2nd article, Polish criminal law coplies with golden rule: Latin maxim Nullum crimen sine lege.
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:Przepisy kodeksu rodzinnego i opiekuńczego dotyczące opieki i kurateli po ostatnich nowelizacjach

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Kociucki L.
Acta Iuris Stetinensis
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2011
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issue 2
49 - 70
DE
Der Artikelbefasstsichmit den letztendreiÄnderungenFamilien- und Vormundschaftsgesetzbuchesin Bezug auf Vormundschaft und die Pflegschaft, die in Jahren 2009und 2010 in Kraft getretenhabenodererst am 1. Januar 2012 in Kraft tretenwerden. VondemInkrafttreten des Familie- und VormundschaftsgesetzbuchesimJahre 1965 habensich die Vorschriftenweniggeändert.Es hat sichdagegen das System und der sozialeKontextdieserVorschriftengeändert, insbesonderehabensichöffentlich- und privatrechtlicheVorschriftenüber dieErsatzsorgefürMinderjährigeentwickelt. BesonderswesentlicheÄnderungen gab esimsozialenUmfeld der Vorschriftenüber die Betreuung und Vormundschaft von Erwachsenen,die nichtvollgeschäftsfähigsind. Esgehtvorallem um demografischeÄnderungen,medizinischenFortschritt, verändertegesellschaftlicheEinstellungen und menschenrechtlicheStandards in Bezug auf den Schutz der Erwachsenen, die nicht in der Lagesind, selbständigihrenGeschäftennachgehen.Die präsentiertenÄnderungenhabenerlaubt, die Übereinstimmung der Vorschriftenüber die Betreuung von Minderjährigenmit den Vorschriftenüber die Ersatzsorgezubehalten. Eswerdendagegenweitere, umfassendeÄnderungen der Vorschriftenüber diePflege und Betreuung von Erwachsenenbenötigt, siemüssenabermit den Veränderungenin den Vorschriftenüber die Rechtsfähigkeitkoordiniertwerden.
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Ustalenie macierzyństwa i ojcostwa w przypadku zabiegów medycznie wspomaganej prokreacji ludzkiej

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Łączkowska M.
Acta Iuris Stetinensis
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2011
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issue 2
29 - 48
EN
The article features the issue of establishing who is the father and the motherof a child born of an assisted procreation procedure. Recently, there has been made an importantamendment to the Polish Family and Custody Code (with the Act of 6 November2008). The new solutions introduced by the Legislator deal in part with the issues pertainingto medically assisted procreation (e.g. artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization).First, it has been definitely settled that the mother is the woman who gives birth toa child (Art. 619 of the Family and custody Code). Second, the father of a child conceivedas a result of a medical procedure is the mother’s husband who gave his consent for theprocedure (Art. 68 of the Family and Custody Code). In view of the Polish family law,therefore, parenthood is established based on: – a biological fact, i.e. giving birth to a child; – legal presumptions concerning fatherhood of the mother’s husband and a man whohas had sexual relations with the child’s mother before the child’s birth, during theconception period; – the husband’s consent to the medical procedure his wife was treated with. Please note however that the medically assisted procreation is a serious challengefor legislators who intend to create legal solutions which take into account the ex aequoet bono principle.
4
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Zmiana demograficznego modelu rodziny a ewolucja prawa rodzinnego w kontekście kohabitacji w Europie

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Słotwińska-Rosłanowska E.
Studia Ekonomiczne
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2017
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vol. 309
9-16
PL
Od ponad pół wieku Europa doświadcza zasadniczych zmian demograficznych. Wiele z tych zmian dotyczy rodziny, w tym sposobu jej formowania. Wśród przyczyn stopniowego odchodzenia od małżeństwa na rzecz związków partnerskich demografowie wskazują m.in. zmiany kulturowe zachodzące w społeczeństwach europejskich. Rzadko natomiast jako czynnik wpływający na zachowania jednostki traktuje się kontekst instytucjonalny, w tym stopień rozwoju uregulowań prawnych w zakresie związków innych niż małżeńskie. W artykule opisano ewolucję zmian w prawie rodzinnym w odniesieniu do związków partnerskich oraz porównanie rozwiązań w państwach, w których regulacje dotyczące takich związków są najpełniejsze (tj. w Holandii i Francji). W ostatniej części artykułu omówiono również regulacje obowiązujące obecnie w Polsce (stan prawny na 30 czerwca 2014 r.).
EN
Since more than 50 years we can observe significant changes in family formation and development in Europe. The changes are usually explained stressing the role of cultural factors and the level of development of institutional context – i.a. the legal norms concerning different forms of unions is often neglected. The article presents the progress of statutory regulation of extra-marital cohabitation in Europe as well as the providing the description of the most advanced legal systems concerning registered partnership (France and the Netherlands). The regulation in Poland is also mentioned.
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