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PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest historii powrotu z Turcji do Polski gruzińskich emigrantów, którzy jako emisariusze gruzińskiego rządu emigracyjnego latem 1930 r. potajemnie dostali się na teren sowieckiej Gruzji w celu prowadzenia nielegalnej działalności politycznej. Misja była skutkiem wspólnej pracy przedstawicieli emigracji gruzińskiej w Paryżu oraz władz polskich, a w szczególności Oddziału II Sztabu Generalnego Wojska Polskiego. Członkowie ekspedycji mieli za zadanie przywrócenie łączności z Gruzją poprzez stworzenie sieci komunikacyjnej. Zainstalowanie ośrodka łączności przewidywało, że emisariusze przez dłuższy czas mieli pozostać w Gruzji, jednakże ich nagły powrót (po niespełna dwóch miesiącach) wzbudził podejrzenia władz polskich. Dodatkowo komplikował sytuację fakt, że emisariusze po wydostaniu się z terytorium sowieckiej Gruzji wpadli w ręce władz tureckich. W warunkach polepszających się stosunków pomiędzy Ankarą i Moskwą istniało zagrożenie, że władze tureckie wydadzą Gruzinów stronę sowieckiej. Nie do końca wiadomo, co skłoniło Turków do uwolnienia gruzińskich emisariuszy, którym udało się dostać do Stambułu. Emisariusze byli przekonani, że wykonali wszystkie powierzone im zadania, w przeciwieństwie do strony polskiej, która nie pomogła w ich uwolnieniu z tureckiego aresztu. Ze swojej strony polskie czynniki podejrzewały, że gruzińscy emisariusze lekkomyślnie odnosili się do powierzonych zadań, co przyczyniło się do skomplikowania sytuacji.
EN
The article is devoted to the history of the return from Turkey to Poland of Georgian emigrants who, as emissaries of the Georgian government in exile, secretly entered the territory of Soviet Georgia in the summer of 1930 to pursue illegal political activity. The mission was the result of the joint work of the representatives of the Georgian emigration in Paris and the Polish authorities, in particular the Branch II of the General Staff of the Polish Army. The members of the expedition were tasked with re-establishing contact with Georgia by creating a communication network. The installation of the communications center provided that the emissaries would remain in Georgia for a longer period, but their too sudden return (after only two months of stay) aroused the suspicions of the Polish authorities. The situation was additionally complicated by the fact that the emissaries, after leaving the territory of Soviet Georgia, fell into the hands of the Turkish authorities. In the conditions of improving relations between Ankara and Moscow, there was a risk that the Turkish authorities would hand over the Georgians to the Soviet side. It is not fully known what prompted the Turks to release Georgian emissaries who managed to get to Istanbul. Georgian emissaries were convinced that they had performed all the tasks entrusted to them, unlike the Polish side, which did not help in their liberation from the Turkish arrest. For their part, Polish factors suspected that Georgian emissaries were reckless with the tasks entrusted to them, which made the situation more complicated.
EN
Having hosted a large number of North Caucasian immigrants since the end of the 19th century, Turkey has always been a very important centre for the political activities of the Caucasian Mountaineers. eTh political activities of the Mountain immigrant community show some characteristic diefrences across Turkey, the Caucasus, and Europe. While these activities were sometimes limited only to the internal politics of the Ottoman Empire and Turkey, some of them were focused on the liberation of the Caucasus, and some of them were related to both. eTh common point of all these activities is that they are the circles of a chain of nested individual events which seem to be completely irrelevant and independent from each other. Caucasian Mountaineers became a great power in the palace, army, and politics as soon as they have begun to appear in Ottoman social life. Many émigré leaders had joined the Ottoman opposition movement as decisive rulers during the revolutionary years. Association of Circassian Unity (Djamiyet-i Ittikhadiye-i Cherakise) that had been founded in Cairo in 1899, can be considered to be an example of early North Caucasian activism in the Ottoman Empire.1 hTe Caucasian Mountaineers who had decisive roles in the Ottoman and Russian revolutions, had always been in close communication and cooperation with each other. Magomed Bek Hadjetlashe (aka Gersh / Grigory Ettinger) who was a spy of the Tsar's secret police was a very striking example of this. He was exposing the regime opponents on both sides by manipulating the dissidents in both the Caucasus and 1 (39) 2022 pamięć i spr awiedliwość
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