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Central European Papers
|
2018
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vol. 6
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issue 1
157-175
EN
A traditional type of strike movement the aim of which was to achieve better wages was seen mainly in the initial phase of the Nazi occupation. Its main reason was inflation, and the Protectorate government reacted to it as early as on 13 June 1939, by banning strikes and lockouts. It is true that the strike wave continued even after this date, but it was petering out fast, thanks to government decrees on wage adjustments. Since the beginning of 1940, strikes were regarded as attempts to sabotage industrial production. Strike cases were initially tried by German military courts, but the jurisdiction over the prosecution of acts of sabotage later fell under special tribunals of the Land Courts in Prague and Brno. Another strike wave in the Protectorate took place in the summer of 1941 and was one of the reasons why Reinhard Heydrich was ultimately appointed the Acting Reichsprotektor. The occupation power reacted not only by swift actions of the Gestapo, but mainly by exemplary punishments. As a result of the repressions, strikes ceased to be used as an organized form of social protests. There were therefore only a few strikes between 1943 and 1944, which broke out quite spontaneously. The best known of them was the one which took place in the ČKD factory in Vysočany on 24 August 1943; although causing only negligible damage, the special court passed one death sentence and four sentences of imprisonment for three to seven years. These intimidating punishments were the reason why strikes as a form of protest were quickly receding into the background, being replaced by slow work or escapes of individuals assigned to forced labour. Strikes as a form of political protest appeared mainly on the list of actions of the illegal Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, for the first time in the autumn of 1939 in connection with the cancellation of the national holiday commemorating the birth of the republic. While the democratic resistance was organizing public demonstrations on the occasion of 28 October 1939, the illegal Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was preparing manifestation strikes which indeed took place in Prague, Plzeň, Rakovník, and a few other places. Between 1939 and 1941, the Communist press was also promoting a traditional-type strike movement, but attempting to direct the illegal movement in the Protectorate only toward the struggle for social requirements. In the final phase of the war, the Communists’ concept was that of an all-out general strike as a prologue to a nationwide uprising. However, the concept was illusory; first, it overrated the abilities of the heavily decimated illegal Communist Party. Second, it disregarded the fact that the industrial production in the Protectorate in the spring of 1945, only a few months until the final defeat of Germany, would quickly collapse, and the importance of strikes would thus be significantly reduced.
EN
The article deals with the creation and functioning of the department “Economy and Finance” of the Reich Protector’s Office as a body playing the dominant role in the process of formation of the economic policy in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in 1939–1942, and sheds light on its penetration into the autonomous occupation administration that took place as part of Heydrich’s reform of public administration. The focus of attention is on the status of the Economic Department of the Reich Protector’s office on the boundary between the Reich German administration and the Protectorate administration, its organisational and personnel structure, competences, and financing mechanism.
EN
This study deals with celebrations of Labour Day in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Despite the fact that public celebrations of 1 May were forbidden in the Protectorate, it remained a public holiday and attracted a significant media coverage. This study examines the aspects of regulations and laws and their implementation in practice and analyses the way in which Labour Day was re-defined during the Protectorate era, focusing on ways of orchestration of the festive day, including continuity with the preceding models and patterns.
EN
The paper provides a theoretical reflection on the concept of counterfactual history in relation to school education and historical thinking. It shows how counterfactual history, which is widespread in popular culture, can be used to promote historical literacy among primary school children. In addition to theoretical analysis, the study includes a practical demonstration consisting of one model counterfactual history lesson based on the popular counterfactual scenario in which the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich did not take place.
EN
Supreme Price Office was founded on the basis of a government decree no. 121/1939 Coll. dated 10 May 1939, less than two months after the establishment of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The intentions for its creation were in the line with a controlled economic model and to move away from the classical market regulation. The Supreme Price Office with its policy did markedly interfere in the prices of accommodation and catering which represent the core of tourism services. The start of the price regulation was associated with the beginning of the occupation of the Bohemian Lands in 1939. Keeping various facilities of the inns and hotels in consideration, the price regulation was the prerequisite of their categorization. During researched period, the Supreme Price Office with its policy and interventions in the tourism sector was able to keep the price stability for accommodation and catering services, and therefore their availability to a wider range of the consumers.
EN
The history of Czech ethnography in the period of occupation is one of the longtime ignored topics. This chapter in the discipline’s history has aroused the researchers’ interest only recently. Yet still the idea prevails that the closure of Czech universities was equal to the decline of all ethnographic activities in the Czech lands. This statement is valid only to a limited degree, and if we include activities of Czech- German colleagues in the domestic ethnographic tradition, then this image radically changes. The submitted study aims to point out the fact that the German-language variant of the discipline, but under diverse period names and in combination with other disciplines, experienced research and institutional growth. It developed in reformed and newly founded institutions. However, the flourishing of ethnographic departments and the growth of discipline’s prestige was redeemed by its strong ideologization and political instrumentalization. In the context of several particular research projects, the text pays special attention to the Sudeten-German Institute for the Research into Country and Folk with the seat in Liberec.
EN
The article describes the phenomenon of denunciations [udavačství] in occupied Brno in the years 1940–1941 on the basis of source documents from the local police department, which are stored in the Moravian Land Archive. Statistical analysis of these materials demonstrates that this phenomenon was relatively more frequent among Germans than Czechs, which was undoubtedly related to the different attitudes of the two ethnic groups to the authority and regulations of the Nazi Reich. The social origin of those who wrote denunciations demonstrates that such acts were more frequently committed by those among the common people than by representatives of (broadly-conceived) social elites, and this tendency was especially marked among Czechs.
EN
This issue has not yet reflected in Czechoslovak, Czech or even foreign (German) literature. The importance of the Protectorate in the area of tourism was ambivalent for the Third Reich. On one hand, there seemed to be a tendency to restrict “free” movement as such no matter whether the person was a citizen of the Protectorate or Reich including foreigners. On the other hand, we cannot ignore the efforts of the Reich and Protectorate to support the limited tourism within the Protectorate and Reich that was motivated by ideological, political or social healthcare reasons. The tendency of German offices to control the border checkpoints between the Reich and Protectorate and to control the Third Reich’s external borders had an overall negative effect.
9
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Atentát na Reinharda Heydricha v souvislostech

88%
EN
This address, The Heydrich Era and Czech Society, was presented to the XVIIIth General Assembly of the Learned Society of the Czech Republic in the Carolinum, the Great Hall of Charles University, on the 14th May 2012. It encapsulated a brief synopsis of the author’s life-long research into the issues of Czech society during the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.
EN
The introductory part of the study deals with the change in the official value guidance in the “Second Republic”, the traditions of which continued in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Especially, it emphasizes the return of romantic view of the village and the farmer as apparent sources of national individuality. However, after the Munich Agreement, this outdated view interconnected with Nazi agrarianism. Both the Third Reich and the Protectorate adored ruralism, and revitalized folk customs and national costumes. High attention was paid to ethnographic festivals which, in the period of the Protectorate, were organized by National Partnership, Orel, natives’ associations, the Board of Trustees for the Education of Youth, and mainly the Ethnographic Moravia, an organization aimed to emphasize tribal dissimilarities of “Moravian Slovaks” and to break the unity of Czechness. These struggles were largely supported by the German University in Prague, and they were part of the Germanisation policy in the “Czech” space. The ethnographic exhibitions organized by the Ethnographic Moravia, and the exhibition called Germany in National Costumes (1942), organized by Prague Oberlandrat, featured similar focus. In contrast to them, the events organized by National Partnership, Orel, and natives’ associations aimed to support the Protectorate government and to promote folk culture as a source of Czechness, tolerated by the Nazi, at its cultural level.
EN
This paper is about the individual Ernst Liedtke, an officer of the SS and a member of the security service. Attention focuses not only to his life and career in the SS, but chiefly on Liedtke’s activities within the terms of the SD in Olomouc during the war. The period of post-war retribution is also included, the so-called “national purge” also played a crucial role in his life for understandable reasons. This paper also endeavours to fill in the blanks and review information about Ernst Liedtke published to date.
EN
There is no doubt that the period of Nazi occupation and of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was one of the most difficult ones in the nation’s past. What was the position of women in that “society locked in a totalitarian regime” viewed from the societal perspective? In the early 20th century women had already achieved a great progress in their emancipation. After the emergence of an independent state, society was slowly getting used to the equality of rights of both sexes. Still, women had to face a number of problems during the existence of independent and democratic Czechoslovakia. The Second World War changed their position both at the official and unofficial level. On the one hand, women were expected to concentrate on their age-long role of motherhood; on the other hand, however, they constituted an important and large labor force in the Nazi ideology. Irreversible transformations of the position of women in society took place in the occupied country and were then also reflected in the postwar period. Women became a very important segment of labor force expected to help with the postwar economic recovery, which applies not only to the period of 1945–1948, but primarily to the subsequent period during which the position of women changed dramatically.
EN
This study analyses the form of the two most important divisions of the Prague Gestapo; the executive and counterintelligence divisions. These were able to be reconstructed through the discovery of previously unpublished original documents. These are used to look at organisational developments and changes, which were extremely frequent due to the Prague Gestapo’s six years of operation. The reorganisation of the Prague office was an outcome of endeavours to adapt its form of internal structure to that of the RSHA, and an outcome of endeavours to combat local resistance as effectively as possible while saving as much manpower as possible.
EN
Three very different organisational structures of the economic and personnel department existed over the six years of existence of the Prague Gestapo, of which one only existed very briefly. Only one department administering this paperwork initially existed and then separate departments for administration and personnel matters were established in the second half of the war. There was also a “confiscation” department from 1941 to 1943. Although these departments were not parts of the Prague station with executive authority, their officials and employees were involved in massive theft from both the Jewish and non-Jewish populations of the protectorate. Some were subsequently deployed on the Eastern Front, where they were involved in the Nazi extermination policy.
15
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Protektorát v korpusu

75%
EN
With the application of corpus analysis, this paper describes the current tendencies in the usage of four concrete phenomena (in orthography and semantics), which appear in contemporary discourse rather inconsistently. Specifically, the research focuses on differences in the usage of: p/Protektorát [Protectorate], spáchat/provést atentát [to assassinate], Sudety/pohraničí [Sudetenland] and Benešovy dekrety / dekrety prezidenta republiky [presidential decrees].
16
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Paměti Josefa Klimenta jako historický pramen

75%
EN
Josef Kliment is a controversial personality whose memoirs U obětovaného prezidenta represent a unique source of knowledge of the Protectorate and the postwar period. Only now, 40 years after Kliment’s death, have they been published. The aim of this article is to summarize the extensive memoirs as a historical source, their value and key areas, and to allow “a different reading” of the Protectorate through it. The author of this paper is also its editor.
DE
Der Artikel stellt überhaupt zum ersten Mal komplex die Memoiren von Josef Kliment vor, eines Rechtshistorikers, Mitarbeiters des Büros des Präsidenten der Republik und in den Jahren 1944–1945 Präsidenten des Obersten Verwaltungsgerichts, der für seine öffentliche Tätigkeit während des Protektorats Böhmen und Mähren vom Nationalgericht zu lebenslänglicher Haft verurteilt wurde. Bis heute wird er als Vertreter der sog. aktivistischen Kollaboration verstanden, und zwar aufgrund seiner Entwicklung des Konstrukts von pseudohistorischen Parallelen zum Heiligen Römischen Reich. Die Studie steckt in der Einleitung die Genesis der Memoiren in Verbindung mit Kliments Lebensschicksalen ab, ferner interpretiert sie mehrere Schichten der Memoiren (die historische, historiografische und autobiografische) und vor allem widmet sie sich den Hauptthesen von Kliments Memoiren. Diese sind nämlich in Vielem einzigartig und für die heutige Interpretation des Protektorats von prinzipieller Bedeutung. Kliment, 1960 bei einer Amnestie entlassen, gestaltete sein Werk als eine Art Verteidigung. Der Verfasser dieses Artikels ist zugleich Herausgeber seiner Memoiren, die im Verlag Academia erscheinen werden. Kliment entwickelt in ihnen die rechtlichen und ethischen Konstrukte eines öffentlichen Angestellten des (während des) totalitären Regimes, sein Balancieren auf der Grenzlinie zwischen Kollaboration und Widerstandskampf und der sog. Diplomatie der Schwachen. Er zeigt eine andere Interpretation der historischen Tatsachen, nicht nur darauf begründet, was getan und gesagt wurde, sondern vor allem darauf, was nicht. Kliment selbst nahm am 14. März 1939 an Präsident Háchas Reise nach Berlin teil, stand an der Wiege der Einheitspartei Nationale Gemeinschaft, konzipierte Háchas Ansprachen, war Beobachter des ersten und zweiten Standrechts u.ä. Kliments Ansichten kann nicht vorbehaltlos zugestimmt werden – er repräsentiert nämlich die rein passivistische, reaktive Strömung, die das „illegale“ Heldentum nicht zu schätzen weiß, sondern für ihn ist im Gegenteil Vorbedingung einer Tätigkeit deren Legalität, und zwar unter allen Umständen. Nur steht ein totalitäres Regime nicht auf einer legalen und legitimen Rechtsgrundlage, und deshalb können Kliments Ansichten allzu akademisch und seine Haltung sogar rigide konform bis feige erscheinen. Trotzdem stellen Kliments Memoiren ein beispielloses Werk dar, auf dessen Herausgabe die Geschichtsschreibung mehr als 40 Jahre wartet.
EN
This study aims to map the life story of Richard Heidan. This Gestapo official worked within Czech Lands territory over the whole period of the Nazi occupation. The study particularly focuses on the period between 1942 and 1945 when Heidan held the role of Head of the Gestapo’s Rural Office in Olomouc. Also outlined here the post-war investigation of him as part of retributive justice.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy segmentu naukowego w ukraińskim ruchu wydawniczym II wojny światowej. Przeanalizowano wpływ na ramy instytucjonalne nauki ukraińskiej destrukcyjnych działań ze strony ZSRR i reżimu nazistowskiego (zakaz Naukowego Towarzystwa im. Szewczenki, systematyczne represje przeciw wybitnych naukowców, ewakuacja większości instytucji badawczych do Ufy, zaprzestanie systematycznych badań, szkolnictwa wyższego i funkcjonowania firm wydawniczych). Rozpatrywane są próby reorganizacji działalności towarzystw naukowych, muzeów, archiwów, instytucji edukacyjnych, oceniono ich wkład do ruchu wydawniczego w Komisariacie Rzeszy Ukraina, Generalnej Guberni, Protektoracie Czech i Moraw, Trzeciej Rzeszy. Zwrócono uwagę na potrzebę zbadania i powrotu do współczesnego dorobku naukowego ukraińskich uczonych w języku niemieckim
EN
The article explores the role of the academic community in the Ukrainian publishing movement during the Second World War. It analyzes how the destructive actions on the part of the Soviet and the Nazi regimes (the prohibition of the Shevchenko Scientific Society, the systematic repression of prominent scholars, the evacuation of most scientific-research institutions to Ufa, and the curtailment of systematic research, higher education and publishers) influenced the institutional frameworks of scholarship and learning. It also discusses efforts to renew and reorganize the activities of societies, institutions, clubs, museums, archives, and to establish new academic and educational associations, and examines the impact they made on the scholarly publishing movement in the territories of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine, the General Government (Generalgouvernement), the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren), and the Third Reich. The article emphasizes the need to study and to reevaluate works by Ukrainian scholars written in the German language
EN
The purpose of this study is to inform readers about the leaflet campaign of František Mikuláš Mlčoch’s “National Socialist Czech Workers and Peasants Party” (Národně socialistická česká dělnická a rolnická strana, NSČDRS), which operated within the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The study focuses in particular on the contests of these propaganda leaflets, which it roughly compares to the leaflets of selected similar organisations. The primary purpose of this campaign was to recruit new members to this recently established party. A secondary purpose was to use direct information to win over the general public. These propaganda leaflets were published from 1939, the year the party was established, until 1943, when NSČDRS de facto stopped operating, although it was not closed down de jure until after the war.
DE
Jede Partei sehnt sich danach, möglichst rasch an politische Macht zu gelangen. Dies kann nur durch Gewinnen der Gunst der Bevölkerung erreicht werden, die sich von der Parteiführung angesprochen fühlen muss. Zurzeit des Protektorats Böhmen und Mähren hatten die kleinen politischen Parteien aber natürlich nicht solche Möglichkeiten, wie sie die heutigen politischen Gruppierungen von ähnlicher Größe besitzen. Die Massenmedien steckten noch in den Windeln und der einzige Weg, die breite Öffentlichkeit anzusprechen, stellten Druckschriften dar. Die kleinen politischen Parteien litten jedoch auch an mangelnden Finanzen, was ihre Werbearbeit auch vermittels von Druckschriften einschränkte. Deshalb entschieden sich viele Parteien, die Öffentlichkeit mit einer Flugblattkampagne zu erreichen, was die billigste Form der Bewerbung ihres politischen Programms und ihrer Ideologie war. Ebenso entschied sich auch die National-Sozialistische tschechische Arbeiter- und Bauernpartei Partei, tschechisch: Národně socialistická česká dělnická a rolnická strana (NSČDRS) von František Mikuláš Mlčoch. Das Primärziel dieser Kampagne war es, weitere Mitglieder in die Reihen der neu entstandenen Partei anzuwerben. Das Sekundärziel war es, mit Hilfe von direkten Informationen die breite Öffentlichkeit für die Partei zu gewinnen. Die propagandistischen Flugblätter wurden von 1939 (dem Gründungsjahr der Partei) bis 1943 herausgegeben, als die NSČDRS de facto ihre Tätigkeit einstellte, auch wenn sie de iure erst nach dem Krieg aufgelöst wurde. Interessant ist, dass die Partei illegal war, denn im Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren war nur eine einzige Partei erlaubt, die Nationale Gemeinschaft (Národní souručenství). Trotzdem wurde sie von den Nazis toleriert, wahrscheinlich wegen der guten Beziehungen des Parteiführers mit den örtlichen nazistischen Institutionen und ihren Vertretern. Sämtliche Flugblätter wurden durch sog. schwarzes Anschlagen verbreitet. Die ersten herausgegebenen Flugblätter stellten die Partei und ihre Symbole vor, während die später folgenden stark propagandistischen Inhalt hatten.
EN
This article looks at Scouting from the perspective of J. Burghauser (1921–1997), the well-known musicologist and composer, using his personal diaries from the 1940–1945 period, written in Ancient Greek and as yet unstudied. As such, the article presents these unique recollections to the general public for the first time. The focus of attention is given over to the running of the 2nd Prague Scout Troop, which even after the banning of the Scouts in autumn 1940, continued as an undercover scout troop in various structures up until May 1945. During this time, Burghauser helped troop head Jaroslav Foglar as his deputy. The article concludes with a discussion of the possible motives for Burghauser to use Ancient Greek in his diary entries, coming to a position that rather than an attempt at masking the undercover scouting activities, the diary author was instead attempting to improve his personal language skills in a language whose culture, in particular Ancient Greece, he had considerable respect for.
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