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EN
Thesis: Aim of the paper is to present Melanie Klein and Charles S. Peirce concept of symbol in order to combine them into scheme that presents conscious and unconscious aspect of thinking through symbolic signs (signs based on convention). Presented concepts: Paper presents concept of symbol in psychoanalytical and semiotic perspective. Psychoanalytical view is based on interpretation of symbol according to object relation paradigm proposed by Klein. There are two reasons for selecting her theory for the model: it is most closely bound with interdependency between communication and thinking plus her concept of proper symbol fulfills definition of symbolic sign in Peirce theory, due to deployment of matter of absence in substitution process. Peirce theory however is selected to present semiotic perspective not only for its good linkage to Klein’s “proper symbol” but also for its accurate understating of object representation in quasi- mind through Representamen and as a result recognition of symbol embedment in code through unlimited semiosis. Chosen concepts are consolidated into psycho-semiotic model of thinking which recognizes symbol to be co-created by unique internal world of unconscious phantasy with simultaneous employment of semiotic devices oriented to external, group order perspective. Results and conclusions: Proposed psycho-semiotic model of thinking enhances psychoanalytic view, based on drive for object, by recognizing communication means required for meaningful relation and with that for thinking itself. As a result conceptualizing thinking processes is enriched with semiotic discoveries such as mechanics and structure of Representamen and Interpretant, along with indispensable code rules, with unlimited semiosis at its core. In turn psychoanalytical view adds to semiotic perspective sensitivity to individual potential and constrains when code is in use and with that raises precision of exploration in the field. Contribution to the field: Proposed model enriches theory of thinking based on object relations with semiotic sign theory, which being focused on communication serves as a frame for establishing object relations and their conceptualization. In turn employing psychoanalytic perspective into semiotic field brings back code theory to actual code usage, and by that expands it to various unconscious forces, which ultimately determine Interpretant
Studia Slavica
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2014
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vol. 18
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issue 1
49-60
EN
Aesthetic-philosophical concepts of “young generation symbolists” were based on the conviction that art was made to understand the “secret spiritual value” of phenomenal world and understand the immediate anchoring of human in the Absolute which is the source of spiritual energy. In this frame the symbolists touched connection of principals that formed western and eastern civilization in a harmonic complex. We can speak about new reconciliation of intuition of spiritual cosmos, deep understanding for illusive essence of things with clear and powerful activity, reconciliation of science and religion, freedom and law, sacredness and beauty which is the only aim of all arts and sciences. O. Březina and A. Belyj were considering that point the most intensively of all. They both strove for overcoming of the two extreme demonstrations of human psychical life that isolate people from real complex consciousness. They defined both the extremes as: 1) the extreme of inner (“brain”, rational) life of an individual 2) life of subconscious physicality. To sum up, the art creation should head for creative connection of rationalism and contemplation in a harmonic complex which forms higher entity symbolizing perfect complexity and fullness. As the followers of modern psychology, also the “young symbolist generation” considered the problems of human consciousness. As a rule the art must originate from the same depths where the understanding of secret of all things is realized. Therefore, equally to S. Freud and C. G. Jung, they were convinced about the existence of collective psychological crucial base, collective source, human spiritual being which leads to understanding of life as a complex and spiritual powers hidden there; these powers are needed for transformation and renewal of human and humankind as whole that remains unchanged and independent on the time and space; we can find discover and understand there “secret beginning of life” itself.
PL
Psychoanalizie, od momentu jej powstania, towarzyszą liczne kontrowersje; szczególnie wiele narosło w ostatnich dwóch dekadach. Trwa spór o jej naukowość. Przyszłość pewnego złudzenia to jedno z najważniejszych, poświęconych kulturze, dzieł Freuda, który w metaforycznym, nieprecyzyjnym języku przedstawia swą teorię kultury oraz religii jako najistotniejszego jej przejawu. Religia traktowana jest jako złudzenie, którego przydatność określana jest m.in. z pragmatycznego punktu widzenia, przedstawionego w Die Philosophie des Als Ob Hansa Vaihingera. Zarzuty stawiane psychoanalizie nasuwają pytanie, czy nie istnieje ona „jak gdyby”, a jeżeli tak, to jaka będzie jej przyszłość: czy będzie rozwijać się jako nauka, czy też będzie kolejnym złudzeniem?
EN
The theory of psychoanalysis, from the very beginning, is accompanied by numerous controversies; especially many have appeared in the last two decades. There is still a discussion concerning its scientific character. Freud’s Future of Certain Illusions is one of his most important work dedicated to culture. He introduces here his theory of culture and religion in metaphorical, inaccurate language. Religion is treated as illusion, whose usefulness is qualified from a pragmatic point of view, introduced and discussed in Die Philosophie des Als Ob by Hans Vaihinger. Reproaches raised against psychoanalysis lead to questions whether it exist or not “as if” – als ob, and if so, what then its future will be: whether it will develop as science, or else it will be next illusion?
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EN
The Socratic truth is in no way inferior to the Christian one in Kierkegaard’s view. The fundamental difference between the two is that whereas the later develops by means of a donation and of a specific dialectic as such, the former is hidden within the negative and antidialectical discourse of irony. We can therefore maintain that irony always pertains to the melancholic dimension of existence. My work aims to consider irony as a melancholic negativity, insofar as it is closely related to the demonic silence and void and as it rejects the wholeness of philosophical language. Sickness and health, symptom and remedy, the Kierkegaardian irony is melancholic because it perpetually suffers from its own re-opened wound, which allows us to interpret it from a psychoanalytical standpoint. Thus, the affinity between Kierkegaard and psychoanalysis sustains a Lacanian approach to the melancholic irony, in order to clarify its function in pinpointing the “real” truth of existence through a resistance to language.
DE
Im Artikel beschreibt der Autor die Problematik des Gesetzes und der Abweichung in der Psychoanalyse von Jaques Lacan unter Bezug auf ihre sozial-politische Interpretation von Slavoj Żiżek. Die aufgegriffene Thematik umfasst Fragen nach der Möglichkeit der psychoanalytischen Reflexion über die Abweichung - was ist das Gesetz und seine Übertretung unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Psychoanalyse? Es stellt sich heraus, dass das Gesetz (im weitesten Sinne) Lacan zufolge in ständiger dialektischer Beziehung zu dem Begehren bleibt. Diese Dialektik liegt einerseits jedem normativen Verhältnis des Subjekts zum Gesetz zugrunde, andererseits kann sie Grundlage für nicht normatives Verhalten bilden. Im ersten Fall erfüllt das Gesetz emanzipatorische Funktionen, es schützt vor dem Trauma, den Anderen zu begehren und erlaubt, sich von der Abhängigkeit von ihm zu lösen. Im zweiten Fall bildet das Gesetz die Bedingung seiner eigenen Übertretung. Darüber hinaus kann die Kategorie des Realen und des Mangels eine neue Perspektive in die Reflexion über die Abweichung und ihre ethische Dimension einführen.
EN
In this paper, author describes topics of the Law and deviation in lacanian psychoanalysis, using socio-political works of Slavoj Żiżek. Issues include questions about the possibility of psychoanalytic reflection on deviation - what is the law and its transgression in perspective of psychoanalysis? Psychoanalysis shows that the Law (in the broadest sense) remains in a constant dialectical relation with Desire. This, on the one hand,  is a basis of subject’s normative relation with the Law.  On the other hand, dialectic of Law and Desire could be  basis for deviational behaviors . Also,  the Law has  a emancipatory nature because Law protects subject form  trauma of the Other's desire, allows liberation from his dependence; but also, the Law is a condition of its own trasgression. Moreover, the Lacanian terms of Real and Lack could offer new pespectives on deviation and its ethical dimension.
PL
W artykule autor opisuje problematykę prawa i dewiacji w psychoanalizie Jacquesa Lacana, wykorzystując jej społeczno-polityczne odczytania autorstwa Slavoja Żiżka. Podejmowana tematyka obejmuje pytania o możliwość psychoanalitycznej refleksji nad dewiacją – czym jest prawo oraz jego przekroczenie w optyce psychoanalizy? Okazuje się, że Prawo (w najszerszym sensie) według Lacana pozostaje w stałej dialektycznej relacji z pragnieniem. Ta dialektyka z jednej strony leży u podstaw każdej normatywnej relacji podmiotu z Prawem, z drugiej strony stanowić może podłoże zachowania nienormatywnego. W pierwszym przypadku, Prawo spełnia funkcje emancypacyjne – chroni przed traumą pragnienia Innego, pozwala  wyzwolić się z zależności wobec niego; w drugim przypadku Prawo stanowi warunek swojego własnego  przekroczenia. Co więcej, Lacanowska kategoria Realnego, Braku wprowadzać może nową perspektywę do refleksji nad dewiacją oraz jej wymiarem etycznym.
PL
Celem artykułu jest wskazanie bogactwa intertekstualnych nawiązań kina popularnego i tendencji jego twórców do uciekania się do poważnej refleksji społeczno-kulturowej. Ważna wydaje się w tym kontekście także kwestia kultury uczestnictwa, w której odbiorcy są aktywnymi uczestnikami obiegu kulturalnego. Dwoma najbardziej reprezentowanymi obszarami odniesień X muzy są sfery religii i psychoanalizy. Pierwszy paradygmat tworzą dzieła zawierające parafrazy i nowe realizacje motywów związanych z religią chrześcijańską. Pojawiają się tutaj także obrazy generujące pewne zachowania religijne, na przykład religia Jedi utworzona pod wpływem „Gwiezdnych Wojen”. Drugi paradygmat to filmy dające się odczytać się poprzez freudowską bądź lacanowską psychoanalizę. Stanowią one też często współczesne realizacje jungowskich archetypów i schematu wędrówki bohatera mitycznego.
EN
This paper attempts to demonstrate the abundance of intertextual conjunctions between popular cinematographic productions appealing to a large audience and the tendency of their producers to resort to serious socio-cultural issues. Of considerable importance within this context is the culture of public participation, where the audience assume the dual capacity of consumer and participator in the cultural process. The religious and psychoanalytic spheres constitute the xmuse‘s outstanding domains of reference. The first paradigm establish productions abounding in paraphrases and novel interpretations of topics rooted in or connected with the Christian creed. On the screen appear pictures that generate certain religious rites and behavior, i.e. the Jedi religion developing under the influence of „Star Wars“. The second paradigm constitute films that may be interpreted by application of Freudian or Lacanian psychoanalysys. They render more often than not a contemporary vision of Jungian archetypes and the rote model of the mythical „quester hero“.
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