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Jews in the Kurpie forest

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PL
Praca odnosi się do dziejów społeczności żydowskiej na obszarze Puszczy Kurpiowskiej (inaczej Zielonej, dawniej zwanej Zagajnicą). Żydzi pojawili się tam dopiero w XVIII w. Na początku XIX w. zaczęli się przenosić do miast, w tym Myszyńca, gdzie utworzyli okręg bożniczy. Pogranicze z Prusami/Niemcami okazało się ostatecznie dla Żydów bardzo groźne.
EN
The dissertation refers to the history of Jewish community in the Kurpie Forest (also called Green, in the past known as Zagajnica). Jews appeared there only in the 18th century. At the beginning of the 19th century they started to move to cities, including Myszyniec, where they established a synagogue district. The border with Prussia/Germany eventually turned out to be extremely dangerous.
EN
A number of sites associated with the Trzciniec Culture, including site 52 at Obierwia, were discovered during fieldwalking in this region in 1984. The sites were situated in the dune belt on the northern flood terrace of the Omulew River. The sites at Obierwia are located almost in the middle of the current Kurpiowska Forest. The area of the Kurpiowska Plain was originally shaped as a result of the Middle Polish Glaciation (the Wartanian stage). It was then transformed during the Baltic Glaciation, when a large outwash plain with elements of earlier moraines, later interspersed with parallel valleys of medium-sized rivers and a network of smaller watercourses and bog-like oxbow lakes, was formed (Fig. 1). An exploratory survey at Obierwia was carried out in October 2000 (Fig. 2). Two trenches oriented along N-S and W-E axes and intersecting at the culmination of the elevation were established. The exploration did not uncover a cultural layer, however, numerous archaeological pit-like features were discovered (Fig. 3). 16 flint products including three tools and a fragment of a smoothed stone tool were found in the course of the excavation. Seven flint products bear signs of use or further processing (Fig. 4). Most attest that the splintering technique was used. The most interesting product was made from a splinter and retouched on one of the side edges. Based on the burnishing of the retouched edge, this artefact should be included in the category of inserts, which, next to arrowheads, constitute the most characteristic tools from the Early Bronze Age. Among 1156 fragments of pottery, there were 20 rim sherds, including two with an ornament in the form of horizontal appliqué bands, and five with holes or indentations under the rim. Most of the fragments come from the vessels of the Trzciniec Culture described by A. Gardawski as type 5 – vessels with a “tulip-shaped neck and rim, most often with a mortar-shaped body” and with a row of holes under the rim and a horizontal appliqué band. In the Younger Subboreal (Early and Middle Bronze Age), the continental, dry and warm climate prevailed in the area of the Kurpiowska Forest. Sandy soils desiccated due to the smaller amount of precipitation, and with the lowering level of the groundwater the oxbows and lakes dried out and were overgrown. The human groups of the Early Bronze Age, who penetrated into the Kurpiowska Plain in relatively high numbers, could not employ the agricultural model of economy. Based on the traces of their stay observed during the course of fieldwalking and rare excavations, it appears that they preferred the same settlement conditions as their Mesolithic and Paraneolithic predecessors. It is assumed that the Early Bronze Age settlement in Mazovia began in the first half of the second millennium BC. The settlements of the Trzciniec culture from that period appear almost exclusively in the dune belts in the valley of the Narew River, near the mouths of the Omulew, Rozoga and Szkwa Rivers, while the camps are registered in the upper parts of the river valleys. Hunting and gathering played the leading role in the economy of the groups that settled at the edge of and within the forest.
PL
W obrębie Mazowsza północno-wschodniego występuje szereg mniejszych regionów geograficznych, wśród których Równina Kurpiowska posiada swoją istotną specyfikę. Od paleolitu aż po czasy wczesnego średniowiecza stanowiła dogodny szlak przemieszczania się grup ludności. Większość wędrowców nie pozostawała na tym obszarze dłużej. Z uwagi na bardzo nieatrakcyjne warunki glebowe puszcza traktowana była jako obszar eksploatacji czasowej lub sezonowej. Dolinami rzek na obszar ten zapuszczali się przedstawiciele kolejnych kultur archeologicznych z południa i północy, w poszukiwaniu dogodniejszych ekumen, ewentualnie zapuszczając się na teren puszczy w celach handlowych. Jedynie w epoce kamienia na obszarze Równiny Kurpiowskiej permanentnie gospodarowały grupy ludzkie zajmujące się łowiectwem, zbieractwem i rybołówstwem. W okresach związanych z gospodarką wytwórczą: rolnictwem i hodowlą teren ten był rejonem ścierania wpływów kulturowych, idących z różnych kierunków. To spowodowało, że na obszarze pierwotnej Puszczy Kurpiowskiej rytm rozwojowy nie odpowiadał przemianom na ziemiach sąsiednich. Model gospodarki wypracowany przez łowców, zbieraczy schyłku środkowej epoki kamienia, z niewielkimi modyfikacjami przetrwał do czasów niemal nam współczesnych. Dopiero działania administracyjne, odlesienia, wypalanie dolin rzecznych ograniczały stopniowo zasięg Puszczy Kurpiowskiej i wprowadzały nowy typ gospodarowania. Nie dochodziło jednak do pełnej akulturacji mieszkańców mateczników puszczańskich. Może to być jednym z elementów poczucia odrębności i dumy z własnej przeszłości dzisiejszych mieszkańców puszczy – Kurpiów.
EN
The Kurpie Plain has its own specific physiographic characteristics. From the Paleolithic to the early Middle Ages, it was a convenient route to move groups of people, both in the north-south and east-west direction. Due to the very unattractive soil conditions, the forest was treated as a temporary or seasonal exploitation area. The territory of the Kurpie Plain, originally formed as a result of the Riss Glaciation (Warta Stadial) and transformed during the Baltic glaciation through the formation of a large sandur area with elements of earlier moraine. The oldest sites in Puszcza Kurpiowska can be certainly attributed only to the second half of Dryas III and the beginning of the pre-Boreal period (11th/10th millennium BC). Looking at the entire prehistoric period of inhabiting the human community in Puszcza Kurpiowska, I come to the conclusion that the model of economy developed by the hunters and gatherers of the end of the Middle Stone Age, however shockingly it sounds, with minor modifications survived until almost contemporary times.
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