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1

Uprawnienia zastrzeżone Korony w ustroju westminsterskim

100%

Wieciech T.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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2010

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issue 1(13)

489-509

EN

By constitutional convention the Queen and her representatives, the governor- -generals, can act only on the advice of their respective responsible ministers. Therefore all of the powers that are in their possession, whether their source is derived from prerogative or the constitution, are exercised not personally by them but through cabinet ministers. However, in certain extraordinary circumstances the Crown is constitutionally entitled to act on its own initiative, without or – better still – contrary to the advice that it receives. Those powers that can be exercised personally by the Queen are commonly referred to as reserve powers, sometimes also as personal prerogatives. The most important of them are the power to appoint and dismiss a prime minister and to dissolve parliament. Reserve powers also include the right to refuse royal sanction, the appointment of peers, judges or senators, as well as summoning and proroguing parliament. The scope of reserve powers differ according to local circumstances, i.e. the governor generals of Australia and Canada cannot refuse royal assent because of the judicial review procedure in these countries. They remain in reserve until the circumstances demand that they be used. When the Crown decides to act on its own initiative, its sole justification is the need to protect constitutional democracy. The author shows that the exercise of the reserve powers can serve this end very well by making – somehow ironically – the undemocratic Crown the last and the safest bulwark of democracy.

2

Merojské královské město ve Wad Ben Naga

45%

Onderka P., Vrtal V.

Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)

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2015

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issue 14

121-135

EN

Almost two thousand years ago, Wad Ben Naga was one of the most important centres of the so-called Island of Meroe. The ancient city developed on the right bank of the Nile, to the north of Wadi Kirbikan, at a distance of ca. 80 km upstream from Meroe, the capital of the Mer - oitic kingdom. The site gained its significance through its highly strategic location, controlling numerous trade routes meeting at the site. At the same time, it formed a southern limit of one of two core areas of the kingdom, stretching between Meroe in the north and Wad Ben Naga in the south. A settlement of a considerable size existed at Wad Ben Naga already at the turn of the Napatan and Meroitic periods. In the early Meroitic period, it developed into a royal city and distinctive administrative centre. In its heyday, around the beginning of the Christian era, the city went through an intensive building boom, namely during the reigns of Queen Amanishakheto, King Natakamani and Queen Amanitore. Today the archaeological site covers circa 4 km2 and can be divided into three main zones: Central Wad Ben Naga with the ruins of the ancient city, and the Northern and the Southern Cemeteries. Since 2009, the National Museum of the Czech Republic has carried out archae - ological research at the site. During the research, re-excavation of structures unearthed by the Sudanese expedition of Thabit Hassan Thabit, active at the site between 1958 and 1960, was carried out. In the past three years, the expedition has focused on the excavation of the socalled Typhonium, identified as a temple dedicated to the goddess Mut.

3

Przestępstwo rebelii w hiszpańskim prawie karnym

26%

Stefańska B. J.

Ius Novum

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2020

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vol. 14

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issue 1

EN

The article presents the offence of rebellion classified in the Spanish Criminal Code (Article 472 SCC of 1995), which has a long history because it was referred to in all former Spanish Criminal Codes (of 1848, 1870 and 1932). The offence consists in public and violent sedition aimed at achieving any of the seven objectives listed in Article 472 SCC, which include fully or partially repealing, suspending or amending the Constitution, and fully or partially stripping the King, the Regent, or members of the Regency of all or part of their prerogatives and powers, or obliging them to execute an act contrary to their will (Article 472 paras 1 and 2 SCC). It also occurs in an aggravated form due to various circumstances, e.g. using weapons, causing havoc or serious violence against persons (Article 473 para. 2 SCC). It breaches the Constitution and harms the fundamental institutions of a democratic state, and undermines the foundations of a state of law. Article 472 SCC protects the constitutional order, thus the rules and constitutional institutions that must be recognised. It is a collective offence. Its subject cannot be a single person but a group of people. The statute does not determine the number of people involved but there must be a number sufficient to achieve their aim. The offence can be committed with specific direct intent, and perpetrators should aim to achieve one of the objectives listed in the statute. Standard as well as aggravated types of the offence are “cascade-like” in nature because and the penalty severity depends on the level of involvement in the rebellion (Article 473 para. 1 SCC).

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu jest stypizowane w hiszpańskim kodeksie karnym przestępstwo rebelii (art. 472 h.k.k. z 1995 r.), które ma długą tradycję, bowiem występowało w prawie wszystkich hiszpańskich kodeksach karnych (z 1848 r., 1870 r., 1932 r.). Przestępstwo to polega na publicznym buncie w sposób gwałtowny, którego celem jest realizacja któregokolwiek z siedmiu celów określonych w art. 472 h.k.k., obejmujących uchylenie, zawieszenie lub zmiana w całości lub w części konstytucji oraz pozbawienie urzędu albo odebranie w całości lub w części prerogatyw i uprawnień królowi lub królowej lub regentowi, lub członkom regencji, lub zmuszenie ich do wykonania czynności wbrew ich woli (art. 472 pkt 1 i 2 h.k.k.). Występuje także w typie kwalifikowanym ze względu na różne okoliczności, np. wyciągnięcie broni, spowodowanie spustoszenia, stosowanie ciężkiego gwałtu wobec osób (art. 473 ust. 2 h.k.k.). Godzi ono w konstytucję i podstawowe instytucje demokratycznego państwa oraz w fundamenty państwa prawa. Artykuł 472 h.k.k. chroni porządek konstytucyjny, a więc obowiązywanie zasad i instytucji konstytucyjnych. Jest przestępstwem wieloosobowym. Jego podmiotem nie może być pojedyncza osoba, ale grupa osób. Ustawa nie określa ich liczby, ale ma być ich tyle, ile jest wystarczające do osiągnięcia zamierzonego celu. Może być popełnione z zamiarem bezpośrednim zabarwionym, a sprawcy powinni dążyć do realizacji któregoś ze stypizowanych w ustawie celów. Zagrożenie zarówno przestępstwa w typie podstawowym, jak i kwalifikowanym ma charakter „kaskadowy”, bowiem surowość kary zależy od stopnia uczestnictwa w rebelii (art. 473 ust. 1 h.k.k.).

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Uprawnienia zastrzeżone Korony w ustroju westminsterskim

Merojské královské město ve Wad Ben Naga

Przestępstwo rebelii w hiszpańskim prawie karnym