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1

RESETTLEMENTS OF THE POLISH POPULATION FROM ETHNIC LITHUANIA IN 1945-1947

100%

Buchowski K.

Dzieje Najnowsze

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2005

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issue 1

69-78

EN

During the inter-war period the Republic of Lithuania was inhabited by about 200 000 Poles, in whose documents the Lithuanian administration frequently recorded Lithuanian nationality. After the WW II the whole territory of so-called Kowno (Kaunas) Lithuania and that part of Lithuania territory which earlier had belonged to Poland (the Wilno /Vilnius/ region) became part of the Soviet Union. As late as September 1944 the authorities of Soviet Lithuania and the Polish communist authorities signed a convention according to which all Poles and Jews with Polish citizenship dating from prior to 17 September 1939 were to be resettled to Poland. The convention thus pertained primarily to the inhabitants of the Vilnius Lithuania. In view of the fact that numerous Poles from the Kowno region, who previously had been Lithuanian citizens, also declared their willingness to leave, the authorities of Soviet Lithuania created a number of obstacles for resettling the “Polonised Lithuanians” from rural terrains and those of inter-war Lithuania. The evacuation of persons with Lithuanian citizenship and registered as Lithuanian nationals was particularly hindered since they were regarded as Lithuanians. As a consequence, out of about 18 000 persons in the Kowno Lithuania who in 1945 signed up for evacuation, only 10% managed to leave. It is probable that this group included numerous former war refugees from Poland, and thus that the real number of evacuated Poles-Lithuanian citizens was even smaller.

2

THE PICTURE OF A GERMAN IN THE RECOLLECTIONS OF THE NEW INHABITANTS OF A GERMAN TOWN (Obraz Niemca we wspomnieniach nowych mieszkanców niemieckiego miasta)

75%

Wylegala A.

Kultura i Społeczeństwo

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2009

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vol. 53

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issue 3

45-66

EN

The authoress tries to analyse the picture of a German as emerging from biographical interviews with the oldest generation of the new inhabitants of an ex-German town (Krzyz, German Kreuz Ostb.), the first post-war settlers in the 'recovered territories'. The authoress shows how people coming from the Polish Eastern Borderland, Great Poland and Central Poland remember their pre-war German neighbours, the German invaders and the Germans expelled from Krzyz. The reason for the predominantly favourable picture of a German may be found in the experiences of the interviewees' lives, who during the war and in the post-war period suffered the greatest wrongs not on the part of the Germans, but the Soviets. It is also noteworthy that the repatriates from the Eastern Borderland perceive a similarity between the fate of the Poles and Germans expelled from their homes, though they do not deny the Germans' guilt and responsibility for starting World War II.

3

„PIERWSZA REPATRIACJA”. POWROTY I PRZYJAZDY OSIEDLEŃCZE DO POLSKI ZE WSCHODU PO I WOJNIE ŚWIATOWEJ

63%

Żołędowski C.

Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny

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2017

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vol. 43

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issue 1 (163)

63-94

PL

Artykuł przedstawia zasady i przebieg przesiedleń ludności do Polski od podpisania traktatu brzeskiego w 1918 r. do roku 1924. Omawia zatem całość przesiedleń, od ich zainicjowania przez instytucje Rady Regencyjnej Królestwa Polskiego do oficjalnego zakończenia repatriacji w niepodległej już Polsce. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono repatriacji po traktacie pokojowym w Rydze między Polską i Rosją, ze względu na jej największe rozmiary i znaczenie dla kształtow ania struktury narodowościowej II RP. W artykule zostały wykorzystane istniejące opracowania na ten temat. Przedstawiono również szacunki statystyczne dotyczące wpływu repatriacji na strukturę narodowościową II RP, w tym zwłaszcza na zwiększenie liczebności mniejszości narodowych w ówczesnych województwach północno-wschodnich, do których napłynęła zdecydowana większość repatriantów i reemigrantów. Główną tezą artykułu jest założenie, że repatriacja do Polski została przeprowadzona na odmiennych zasadach niż dokonujące się równolegle i w następnych dekadach przesiedlenia ludności likwidujące skutki konfliktów zbrojnych i wytyczania nowych granic w Europie. Została bowiem oparta nie na kryterium więzi narodowej, lecz na związku z zamieszkiwanym wcześniej terytorium. W efekcie jako jedyne masowe przesiedlenie ludności aż do lat 90. XX w. była repatriacją wieloetniczną, w której większość przesiedlonych była innej narodowości niż naród tytularny w państwie przyjmującym.

EN

The article presents the principles and course of resettlement in Poland in the period from the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918 until 1924. Therefore, it discusses the entirety of resettlement, since its initiation by the institutions of the Kingdom of Poland to the official end of the repatriation in independent Poland. Particular attention has been dedicated to the repatriation after the peace treaty in Riga between Poland and Russia, due to its largest size and importance in shaping the ethnic structure of the Polish Second Republic. The article uses existing studies on this subject. It also presents statistical estimates on the impact of the repatriation on the ethnic structure of Poland, in particular on the increase of the number of minorities in the north-eastern provinces which together accounted for the vast majority of returnees and immigrants from Soviet Russia. The main thesis of the article is the assumption that the repatriation to Poland was carried out on different principles than those which took place parallelly and in the next decades, eliminating the effects of armed conflicts and the demarcation of new borders in Europe. The discussed repatriation process was based not on the criterion of nationality, but on the connection with previously inhabited territories. As a result, up to the 1990s post-World War I repatriation to Poland was the only multinational mass repatriation in which the majority of the resettled people were of other nationalities than the nominal nation in the receiving state.

Refine search results

1 Dzieje Najnowsze

1 Kultura i Społeczeństwo

1 Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny

1 Buchowski K.

1 Wylegala A.

1 Żołędowski C.

1 2017

1 2009

1 2005

RESETTLEMENTS OF THE POLISH POPULATION FROM ETHNIC LITHUANIA IN 1945-1947

THE PICTURE OF A GERMAN IN THE RECOLLECTIONS OF THE NEW INHABITANTS OF A GERMAN TOWN (Obraz Niemca we wspomnieniach nowych mieszkanców niemieckiego miasta)

„PIERWSZA REPATRIACJA”. POWROTY I PRZYJAZDY OSIEDLEŃCZE DO POLSKI ZE WSCHODU PO I WOJNIE ŚWIATOWEJ