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1

ISAURIA IN THE ORBIT OF ROMAN INFLUENCE UNTIL THE MID V CENTURY (Izauria w orbicie wplywow rzymskich do polowy V wieku)

100%
Kosinski R.
Białostockie Teki Historyczne
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2010
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vol. 8
11-26
EN
The enthronement of Zeno gave the beginning to an over ten-year period of Isaurian domination in the life of the eastern part of the Roman Empire, which was ended by the so called Isaurian Wars during the reign of Emperor Anastasius I. These events gave rise to great amount of information about Isauria and Isaurians. In sources retained to date there is much scanter information about the earlier stage of Roman influence in this region - from I BC to AD V. It is exactly the period this article is devoted to. At the beginning of that period Romans, satisfied with the indirect form of government - through client states, were only interested in the liquidation of all the phenomena threatening their trade, i.e. brigandage and piracy. It was only during Emperor Vespasian's reign that Isuaria was incorporated in the Roman province of Cilicia, and thus the period of direct Roman rule began. This rule meant a two-hundred-year-long period of pax romana, which finished in the second half of the third century, with the weakening position of the Roman state. For the two following centuries Isaurians constituted an internal threat for the Empire, but since V c. inhabitants of Isuaria, while remaining the challenge to the Roman army, began serving in it - forming divisions under their own leadership and gaining the highest posts in the state. The issue of Christianization - which can only be traced in detail from IV century on - is also connected with the phenomenon of Romanization of Isuaria.
2

CLAUDIUS II AND HIS COGNOMEN GOTHICUS MAXIMUS (Klaudiusz II i tytul Gothicus Maximus)

100%
Suski R.
U Schyłku Starożytności. Studia Źrodłoznawcze
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2011
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vol. 10
149-175
EN
The History of the Roman Empire at the time of the crisis of the 3rd century is not known well. The historicity of the Battle of Naissus is controversial. One of the most important arguments put forward in its favour is the assumption of the title Gothicus Maximus by Claudius II. It is the earliest attestation of this title in the Roman propaganda. In my article I analyse the assumption new cognomina ex virtute in the 3rd and 4th centuries (Carpicus Maximus, Gothicus Maximus, Alammanicus Maximus, Franciscus Maximus, Persicus Maximus). Emperors did not need a great undeniable victory to introduce new cognomina ex virtute. The assumption of a new title served to express the significante of the cognomen given to the ruler, not the scale of his success. The title Gothicus Maximus cannot be regarded as a proof of a spectacular success of Claudius II at Naissus, but only of his victory over the Gothi.
3

POSTAVENIE BISKUPA NA PRELOME ANTIKY A STREDOVEKU

100%
Jirkal E.
Studia Historica Nitriensia
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2020
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vol. 24
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issue 1
3 – 17
EN
The paper focuses on the bishop´s position in his Christian community and his position within the Roman Empire, especially after Constantine's turn. The function of the bishop, his position and his powers gradually changed in the Late Antiquity, which was also reflected in the imperial legislation. To some extent, the bishops represented state authorities, especially the judicial ones, and took care of the poor and the needy. As the economic power of the Christian communities increased, the bishops became important members of the local honorability. Nevertheless, their main role remained the pastoral care and administration of the Christian community.
4

A FEW OBSERVATIONS ON THE ARRIVAL OF THE SARMATIANS IN THE WALLACHIA PLAIN

100%
Ota L., Sirbu V.
Eirene. Studia Graeca et Latina
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2010
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vol. 46
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issue 1-2
191-201
EN
The authors analysis tried to illustrate two important aspects: on one hand, the integration of some of the early Sarmatian graves from the Wallachia Plain in a larger context of finds and, on the other, the presence of Sarmatians in the territory of the Roman Empire. The relations of the Sarmatians from the Wallachia Plain with the Dacians, and the Roman Empire or the rest of the Sarmatian world are, as a result, much more complex than previously believed in the specialized literature
5

CHARAKTERISTIKA “BARBARSKÝCH” STÁTŮ (PŘÍSPĚVEK K METODOLOGII DĚJIN)

100%
Bednaříková J.
Studia Historica Nitriensia
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2016
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vol. 20
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issue 1
3 – 17
EN
An ancient state can be characterized as a religious, political and legal unit, regardless of whether it is a state of the so-called ancient oriental type or the ancient states of Greeks and Romans. The barbarian Germanic states do not necessarily form a religious and legal unity. In this paper we want to describe the so called barbarian state like a type. We discuss it´s mostly polyethnical structure, the kingship and its supports (support in sacrality, in retinue, war, relations with the Roman Empire, in legislation, tradition, genealogy of the king families, ceremony of investiture and in the church). Then we discuss the bearers of statehood of these states and their specific legal situations. The barbarian Germanic states are compared with the so called empire of Attila. The Attila’s “empire” can be considered as a “barbarian state“ with certain features of the sacred kingship and absolute might of the so-called ancient oriental type.
6

HATRED AND AWE. THE AMBIVALENT ATTITUDE OF THE GERMANS TOWARDS THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE FIRST CENTURY CE

100%
Dolezal S.
Eirene. Studia Graeca et Latina
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2010
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vol. 46
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issue 1-2
227-233
EN
The Germanic tribes which lived on the both banks of the Rhine in the first century CE had different experiences with the Roman empire, and often, they were not entirely sure which attitude toward Rome they should adopt: whether unambiguously positive or negative. Their ambivalent attitudes were thus characterized by the symptomatic hatred directed toward the Roman occupation of the Germanic territory on the one hand, and by the awe before the Roman authorities on the other.
7

HERULI – OD NEPRIATEĽOV K SPOJENCOM RÍMSKEJ RÍŠE

100%
Bystrický P.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
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2020
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vol. 68
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issue 1
3 – 35
EN
The Heruli, originally perhaps a union of Germanic, Sarmatian and other warriors, entered history in 268 when they invaded Greece and twenty years later also Gaul. They disappeared after 565, when, as Roman allies living in Roman territory, they gave up their identity, stopped calling themselves Heruli, and merged with the Romans. On the basis of statements by Jordanes and Procopius, the Heruli are thought to have come from Scandinavia, but we have no real written or archaeological proof of their Scandinavian origin. In older literature, the Heruli were divided into western and eastern, suggesting two ethnically and linguistically different groups with the same or similar name. However, the existence of the Western Heruli on the Lower Rhine is doubtful.
8
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VÝCHODORÍMSKA RÍŠA A SASÁNOVSKÁ PERZIA V 6. STOROČÍ. POKUS O KOMPARÁCIU VEĽMOCÍ „BIPOLÁRNEHO SVETA“ NESKOREJ ANTIKY

88%
Hurbanič M.
Konštantínove listy
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2015
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vol. 8
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issue 8
2 – 13
EN
The Eastern Roman Empire and its rival the Sassanid Empire were the most developed states in the Late Antiquity. Using the modern terms of the global world, they can be easily described as ‘superpowers’. The study characterizes both empires from the typological perspective and, simultaneously, attempts to compare Persian and Late Roman societies. Attention is also paid to the comparison of the potential of conscription in both states, to the function and state of the capitals (Constantinople and Ctesiphon), integrative religious doctrine (Christianity and Zoroastrianism) and to relations between secular powers and priests. The final part of the article discusses mutual borders and different strategic targets of both states.
9

DOMINIKÁNSKE ŠKOLY AKO PREDCHODKYNE UNIVERZÍT NA ZAALPSKOM ÚZEMÍ SACRUM IMPERIUM ROMANUM VO VRCHOLNOM A NESKOROM STREDOVEKU

75%
Hunčaga G.
Studia Historica Nitriensia
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2017
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vol. 21
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issue 1
32 – 66
EN
The territory of the Holy Roman Empire (Sacrum Imperium Romanum) had been relatively buzzing with hustling educational activity since the Carolingian era. However, a certain deficit of a qualitative alternative to the university centres, well-known during the High Middle Ages from the other parts of that time Europe, had been present till the foundation of the university in Prague in 1348. Within the German speaking territory of Sacrum Imperium Romanum the mendicants monastic schools (general and particular studies) sui generis had been featured as the immediate predecessor of the local universities, at least in particular cases within the theological field. Before the foundation of the Charles University in Prague, 28 establishments, conceived as studies, are supposed to have existed in the Central Europe area. Mostly Dominicans in their general study in Cologne, formally founded in 1248, meant to be probably the most international and the best educated entity in the German territory, in the most numerous urban commune of that region. The Dominican school of that place earned the international respect mostly thanks to the work of Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas, although the gap between the foundation of the general study and the constitution of the university (University privileges for the city of Cologne were delivered by Urban VI on 21st May 1388 in Perugia) accounted for long 140 years. Even the activities of the latter university took place in the local Dominican and Franciscan convent premises. In the area of the Teutonic Dominican province, there supposed to be two or three schools educating their scholars in the lower – logical – degree of philosophical foundations on the particular, so called provincial schools level. About the year 1284 Teutonia was said to keep already seven of the artistic schools in Regensburg, Basel, Worms, Würzburg, Leipzig, Neuruppin and Halberstadt at its disposal. Later in the 14th century there were far more of different types of Dominican particular studies (comp. the table n.). The effective structure of the Dominican studying centres was highly developed and rationally organized, due to that fact, it became a fundamental part of the posterior educational background, in which the university was definitely established within the beyond the Alps territory Sacrum Imperium Romanum in the second half of 14th century.
10

LATINSKÉ EPIGRAFICKÉ PAMIATKY AKO PRAMEŇ PRE ŠTÚDIUM SOCIÁLNYCH DEJÍN RÍMSKEJ RÍŠE

75%
Rošková D.
Studia Historica Nitriensia
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2018
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vol. 22
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issue 2
456 – 473
EN
The presented paper deals with the question of Latin epigraphic monuments as sources for the study of ancient history. Epigraphic evidence is an excellent source of many aspects of the life of all the social classes of the Roman Empire. In this work we deal mainly with Latin epitaphs from the city of Rome, published in the most famous collections of Latin inscriptions (CIL, ILS, ILS, ILLRP and CLE). Funerary, dedicatory and honorable inscriptions offer opportunity to study the onomastic customs of the Roman society. According to the name on the inscription, we know in many cases the social status of the bearer, determine the family relations of the persons on the inscription, estimate the time horizon of the inscription, thanks to cursus honorum we know everything of the person's career. In this work we introduce inscriptions in the Latin original together with own translation, commentary and analysis of individual phenomena. Since most of the inscriptions are epitaphs, we also deal with funerary habits, various burial customs, and traditions common to these inscriptions.
11
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HISTORICKÉ POZADIE VZNIKU BYZANTSKEJ FILOZOFIE

75%
Zozuľak J.
Konštantínove listy
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2016
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vol. 9
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issue 1
110 – 118
EN
The Byzantine culture had a significant influence on the Slavonic cultural context since the arrival of Constantine and Methodius to Great Moravia. Due to the impact of the Enlightenment movement in the 18th century, the history of the Byzantine Empire ended up on the periphery of scientific concern. The very same is true for Byzantine philosophy, which hardly receives any attention from Slovak philosophical circles, despite the fact that, in the 9th century CE, territory of present Slovakia won its place on the philosophical map of Europe as a part of former Great Moravia thanks to Christianizing mission of brothers Constantine and Methodius from Thessaloniki. The recent research revealed the unsubstitutable place of Byzantine philosophy in the history of European philosophical thought. The significant improvement was brought by Byzantinology, bringing the historical research to a turning point. However, the positive change in approach to historical and cultural contributions of Byzantine nations is not integrated in western philosophical awareness yet.
12

PRÍČINY PRENASLEDOVANIA KRESŤANOV ZA VLÁDY CISÁRA DÉCIA (249 – 250)

75%
Sendeková M., Kotuľáková M.
Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied
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2012
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vol. 15
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issue 2
-
EN
The Roman Empire found itself in a long-lasting socio-political and economic crisis in the middle of the 3rd century. In 249, on the military acclamation, Decius succeeded to the Imperial throne, who tried to stabilize conditions by means of a handful of reforms in the socio-political, economic, and primarily in the religious area. He tried to renew the authority of the Emperor based on the Roman traditions and paganism. In 249 or 250 he issued an edict on the sacrifice in order to force all inhabitants of the Empire to revere the cult of the Emperor and traditional Roman deities, seeking thus a reintroduction of the prosperity of the Roman Empire. Ancient sources mention several motives leading the Emperor into prosecution processes such as hatred for his predecessor, public opinion and disrespect for the Imperial order on sacrifice. Christians refused to make a pagan sacrifice, so they were seen as state enemies. The issue of the edict was subsequently followed by the persecution of Christians throughout the Roman Empire, and which, for the first time in the Christian history, was of a general Imperial character.
13

SARMATIAN BURIALS WITH ROMAN IMPORTS FROM WALLACHIA

75%
Oța L.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2020
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vol. 68
|
issue 2
297 – 333
EN
Starting with the end of the 1st c. AD, the arrival of the Sarmatian communities in Wallachia (the area between the Danube River and the Carpathian Mountains, bounded on the west by the Olt River) and Moldavia (denomination that designates in this study the territory between the Prut River and the Carpathian Mountains) is archaeologically attested. Sarmatian graves in Wallachia are dated to three stages, which represent as many moments of settlement of these communities in Wallachia: the late 1st c. AD and the first half of the 2nd c. AD; the late 2nd c. and the first half of the 3rd c. AD; the late 3rd c. AD. From a total of around 270 Sarmatian graves in Wallachia, Roman imports were discovered in 71 of them. The purpose of this discussion is not so much the typological analysis of the Roman items, but rather the characteristics of the ritual and funerary inventory of the graves in which such items were deposited: territorial distribution, grave layout, corpse deposition, age and sex of the deceased, grave goods. Based on the typology of the Roman objects, the hypothesis of trade is the most appropriate explanation for the way the Roman products reached Sarmatian communities from Wallachia. The conclusion is that the Sarmatian burials with Roman grave goods do not have particular features regarding the layout of the grave, the funerary ritual or the treatment of the inventory deposited compared to the rest of the graves in which no items produced on the Roman territory were found. Although, in some cases, the items from the Roman Empire can be counted among the status symbols used in the funerary ritual, it is nevertheless notable that they do not play this role in themselves, but in association with other features of the layout of the graves or the inventory.
14
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ŠTÚDIUM BYZANTSKEJ FILOZOFIE V EURÓPE A NA SLOVENSKU

75%
Zozuľak J.
Konštantínove listy
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2017
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vol. 10
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issue 1
3 - 11
EN
Increased interest in a systematic study of Byzantine philosophy study started to appear from the mid-20th century onward. The most influential figure that helped develop this area of research the most in its early formative years was V. Tatakis. Tatakis uncovered the great value of Byzantine civilization and became an inspiration for scholars who followed in his footsteps in France, Spain, Germany, Austria, Greece and elsewhere. The critical edition of Byzantine commentaries on Aristotle published during this time further supported a more complex scientific work in this field. Many unpublished philosophical texts from the Byzantine era wait their processing and publishing in a critical edition, which would make them available to be further examined, studied, and included in the corpus of Byzantine philosophy. The Byzantine thinkers created a cosmology that became foundational for the Byzantine anthropology. On the level of ontology, they introduced the term “person” (πρόσωπον), defined what later became an established terminology (in this field), and contributed to the philosophical interpretation of terms, such as essence (οὐσία), hypostasis (ὑπόστασις), nature (φύσις), energy (ἐνέργεια) and others. Byzantium had a significant impact on the territory of Great Moravia as well. By virtue of the writing, culture, and art that had been brought to our area by Constantine the Philosopher (Cyril) and Method, conditions for the development of culture in the Slavic environment were established.
15

VEREJNÉ STAVITEĽSTVO V NESKOROANTICKOM RÍME AKO MÉDIUM POLITICKEJ PROPAGANDY. SVEDECTVO NÁPISOV A PRÁVNYCH DOKUMENTOV

75%
Babic M.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
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2012
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vol. 60
|
issue 1
5 – 22
EN
In the era of the Late Roman Empire – 4th and 5th centuries – the public buildings of the city of Rome not only passively reflected the political, religious and economic changes affecting the Roman Empire in the period of intensive barbarian raids and the gradual Christianization of society. They also actively served as a medium for political propaganda from the ruling elite. This study poses two inter-related basic questions: How did public building in Late Antique Rome reflect the substantial changes in politics, religion and culture? How were these changes perceived by the ruling elite, which interpreted and defined the basic problems of building in inscriptions and legislation?
16
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THE HUNS OF JUSTINIAN: BYZANTIUM, UTIGUR AND KUTRIGUR

63%
Ricci J.
Konštantínove listy
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2013
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vol. 6
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issue 6
1 – 9
EN
The Roman historians Procopius and Agathias recorded the details of Roman diplomacy with two groups of nomadic peoples on the Pontic steppe in the mid-6th century C.E.: the Utigur and Kutrigur Huns. The article focuses on two episodes from these histories: the settlement of 2,000 Kutrigur Huns in the Balkans in 551 C.E., recorded by Procopius, and the infamous raid against Constantinople of the Kutrigur Zabergan in 559 C.E. In both episodes attention is drawn to the motivations of the chieftains who chose to raid the Roman territory, settle within it, or make war on each other at Rome’s behest. The article demonstrates that contrary to the common notion that these raids were most devastating to Rome’s Balkan territories, in reality the effects of Roman diplomacy wreaked far greater havoc on the societal stability of the Kutrigurs and the Utigurs and paved the way for their conquest by the Avars in the following decade.
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