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Coherence on Trial: The Coronavirus Outbreak as a Critical Test for the European Union

100%

Ilik G., Shapkoski V.

Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs

2020

issue 4

25-43

Starting in Wuhan in December 2019, and making its way all the way to Rome and New York in April 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has put the states, alliances and others, square in the face of a serious challenge. However, the question that happens to be a stumbling block this time has never been posed as a problem or obstacle before – the question of public health; a question that has taught the European Union a lesson about what is a top priority and how all the other policies, plans and strategies may seem unimportant overnight. This paper provides an analysis on how the European Union coped with the global threat given its limited legal possibilities, and the unprecedented situation of its Member States becoming the second outbreak point of the pandemic. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic, once again, has opened up the question of solidarity and the coherence within the EU. The conclusions drawn from this research are of great importance as a way to show whether the EU will come out of this situation with a positive outcome, confi rming its values of solidarity and coherence, or whether it will have to undertake drastic reforms in order to consolidate the latter.

The Siamese Government’s Responses to Western Forces at the Time of King Mongkut (1851-1868)

63%

Nguyen Tien D.

In Gremium. Studia nad Historią, Kulturą i Polityką

2017

vol. 11

67-92

Since the second half of the nineteenth century, when the Europeans with their gunboats appeared in almost evrey corners of Asian waters, the sovereignty of many countries in the region was put under the serious threats. Yet, Siam is the only country in Southeast Asia which successfully safeguarded its national independence and sovereignty. Most scholars have explained the success of Siam in terms of its unique positions as “a buffer zone” between two competing colonial powers, namely the French and the British. This article examines the King Mongkut’s consciousness of national sovereignty and interests and his wise response to Western Forces. It argues that instead of the geographical position, decisions made by the King Mongkut in response to foreign challenges were the main reason behind the success of Siam.

W prezentowanym artykule opisano politykę rządu syjamskiego względem zachodnich sił w okresie panowania króla Mongkuta (1851-1868). Skoncentrowano się na wysiłkach władz syjamskich, które dzięki elastycznym zabiegom politycznym, w tym zrzekaniu się swoich dawnych wpływów w regionie, zdołały uniknąć konfrontacji zbrojnej z zachodnimi kolonistami – głównie Brytyjczykami i Francuzami – a tym samym zachować niepodległość państwa. Podkreślono przy tym ważną rolę króla Mongkuta w kształtowaniu polityki rządu.

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1 In Gremium. Studia nad Historią, Kulturą i Polityką

1 Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs

1 Ilik G.

1 Nguyen Tien D.

1 Shapkoski V.

1 2020

1 2017

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Coherence on Trial: The Coronavirus Outbreak as a Critical Test for the European Union

The Siamese Government’s Responses to Western Forces at the Time of King Mongkut (1851-1868)