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PL
The aim of the article is to review the contemporary debate on the concept of Respon-sibility to Protect. Numerous publications concerning R2P are the best illustration of the fact that it is a very topical subject. Analysing the doctrinal issues focusing on new challenges for contemporary international law the author focuse on a visible change in the international law paradigm, transformation of moral norm into legal one and the effective use of the instruments of R2P application.
PL
Przedmiotem niniejszych rozważań jest próba wskazania roli jaką odgrywa współcześnie w międzynarodowej ochronie praw człowieka przyjęta przez ONZ zasada odpowiedzialności za ochronę (ang. Responsibility to Protect, dalej jako: R2P lub RtoP). Celem artykułu jest omówienie najważniejszych aspektów R2P również w kontekście podstawowych zasad, tj. suwerenność, związanych z funkcjonowaniem państw w stosunkach międzynarodowych. Jak pokazuje rzeczywistość, wciąż daleka jest droga do harmonizacji instrumentów prawnych i faktycznych w zakresie wspólnego rozumienia i stosowania RtoP na arenie międzynarodowej w konfliktach zbrojnych i sytuacjach kryzysowych. Z pewnością nie można ich określić mianem spójnego i zdolnego do efektywnego działania mechanizmu. ONZ i NATO, jak i inne organizacje regionalne (w tym Unia Europejska) posiadają z pewnością wielki potencjał polityczny w możliwościach rozwoju zasady odpowiedzialności za ochronę, a realizacja omawianej tu R2P pozostaje na pewno projektem długoterminowym. Z tego powodu omawiane zagadnienie jest doniosłe praktycznie i zasługuje na refleksję.
EN
The creation of the international regulatory framework for the full protection of human rights and relevant to the challenges of the modern world is an extremely difficult task. Its implementation is, however, necessary if the fight against threats such as gross violations of human rights, including genocide has to be not only effective, but also consistent with the principles that the modern states are considered to be the most important values. Yet the protection of human rights is one of the priorities of international relations. Their non-compliance, as well as the lack of response to violations of human rights is itself one of the greatest dangers confronting the international community, especially the international organizations. An expression of the principle of solidarity in international relations is the concept of responsibility to protect. The aim of the article is to show how established by the UN in 2005 the principle responsibility to protect is applied insituations of armed conflict, and what is relevant to respect and enforce human rights in the activities of NATO. An attempt was made to indicate the legal, and political-economic factors which hinder the full implementation of R2P. It was also noted contemporary changed the concept of state sovereignty as a result of international relations principle of responsibility to protect.
EN
The purpose of the study: The aim of the study is to examine whether and how public international law (in genere) and international human rights (in specie) is subject to change. The aim of the study is also to investigate whether and how this has consequences for international security. Research problems: Main research problems: Has the paradigm of international public law changed (regardless of whether it is subject to the process of legal convergence or legal discrepancy), and has the paradigm for the protection of human rights been transformed due to this transformation? In connection with the above-mentioned transformations, or in autonomous way, could there be or has there been a redefinition of the role of the state and the idea and method of exercising sovereignty? What is happening in the sphere of international security in connection with these changes, and in particular what is the actual UN’s standard of protection of human rights? Research methods:analysis of source texts (acts of public international law); comparative analysis of political solutions and legally conditioned socio-political phenomena (dogmatic, legal philosophy and legal sociology analysis, with elements of political and legal history analysis) in diachronic terms for the studied range. Conclusion: State sovereignty has been transformed from the title of claim to cease the violation into the personal right to protection (vested in an individual and minority/people/mankind in general). The inherent unity of the international law as the common legal system of the international community is subject, along with this community, to fundamental divergence: into the law governing (internal) relationships between members of the transatlantic security community (NATO acquis and the European law), which form a normatively and institutionally interrelated self-contained regime on the one hand, and the international law that governs the relations between the countries of the Western Hemisphere and other subjects of the international law on the other hand.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza prawnych uwarunkowań interwencji zbrojnej w ramach koncepcji „odpowiedzialności za ochronę” (Responsibility to Protect, R2P). Autor przedstawił i ocenił skuteczność podejmowania działań wojskowych w jej ramach. Należy podkreślić, że zbrojny aspekt koncepcji R2P nie był szeroko analizowany w doktrynie. Autor omówił kwestie skuteczności interwencji wojskowej na przykładzie operacji „Odyssey Dawn” i „Unified Protector” w Libii w 2011 r. Odniósł się także do koncepcji zastosowania mechanizmu interwencji wojskowej w Syryjskiej Republice Arabskiej po 2011 r. W tekście wskazano, że największą słabością koncepcji interwencji zbrojnej w ramach mechanizmu R2P jest ogólnikowość i niejasność jej form realizacji. W kontekście interwencji wojskowej w Libii, do której doszło w wyniku braku weta ze strony któregoś ze stałych członków Rady Bezpieczeństwa, autor wykazał, że jakkolwiek zastosowanie formuły interwencji wojskowej w ramach modelu R2P jest wciąż możliwe, to uzasadnione jest także założenie, iż w najbliższym czasie w zbliżonej sytuacji stali członkowie Rady Bezpieczeństwa skorzystają z prawa weta.
EN
The purpose of the article is to analyse the legal conditions of armed intervention under the concept of Responsibility to Protect (R2P). The author presented and assessed the effectiveness of undertaking military actions within its framework. It should be emphasized that the armed aspect of the R2P concept has not been broadly analysed in the doctrine. The author discussed the issues of the effectiveness of military intervention on the example of the “Odyssey Dawn” and “Unified Protector” operations in Libya in 2011. He also referred to the concept of applying the military intervention mechanism to the Syrian Arab Republic after 2011. The text indicates that the greatest weakness is the generality of the concept of armed intervention within the R2P concept and the vagueness of its forms of implementation. In the context of the military intervention in Libya, which occurred as a result of the lack of veto by one of the permanent members of the Security Council, the author showed that although the use of the formula of military intervention under the R2P model is possible, it is also reasonable to assume that in the near future in a similar situation, the permanent members of the Security Council will exercise their right of veto.
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