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EN
The Restoration of Charles II Stuart in 1660 was reckoned in post-revolutionary England both in terms of a long-awaited relief and an inevitable menace. The return of the exiled prince, whose father’s disgraceful decapitation in the name of law eleven years earlier marked the end of the British monarchy, must have been looked forward to by those who expected rewards for their loyalty, inflexibility and royal affiliation in the turbulent times of the Interregnum. It must have been, however, feared by those who directly contributed to issuing the death warrant on the legally ruling king and to violating the irrefutable divine right of kings. Even though Charles II’s mercy was widely known, hardly anyone expected that the restored monarch’s inborn mildness would win over his well-grounded will to revenge his father’s death and the collapse of the British monarchy. It seems that Charles II was not exceptionally vindictive and was eager to show mercy and oblivion understood as an act of amnesty to those who sided with Cromwell and Parliament but did not contribute directly to the executioner raising his axe over the royal neck. On the other hand, the country’s unstable situation and the King’s newly-built reputation required some firm-handed actions taken by the sovereign in order to prevent further rebellions or plots in the future, and to strengthen the position of the monarchy so shattered by the Civil War and the Interregnum.
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EN
Gregory of Nyssa, influenced by Origen, believed in the idea of universal salvation and the educational character of Divine punishment which cannot be eternal, since the healing and salvation of the sinner is always the goal. The apokatastasis signifies the restoration of all rational creation which will take place at the Resurrection.
EN
Despite the shifting ideologies of gender of the seventeenth century, the arrival of the first actresses caused deep social anxiety: theatre gave women a voice to air grievances and to contest, through their own bodies, traditional gender roles. This paper studies two of the best-known actresses, Nell Gwyn and Anne Bracegirdle, and the different public personae they created to negotiate their presence in this all-male world. In spite of their differing strategies, both women gained fame and profit in the male-dominated theatrical marketplace, confirming them as the ultimate “gender benders,” who appropriated the male role of family’s supporter and bread-winner
XX
Evoking as historical and intertextual context the Restoration of English monarchy and the attendant political and cultural projects, chiefl y royalist, legitimizing and advocating the stability of power in the period, the paper discusses Aphra Behn’s novel Oroonoko, or The Royal Slave by looking at its literary representation of the African prince as a “noble savage” – a trope that may be found also in John Dryden’s and Jonathan Swift’s work. The paper pays due attention to the politics of Behn’s novel in terms of its ambiguous treatment of race, slavery and colonialism, and evokes the concepts of “iterability” and “Third Space” in order to engage in a deconstructive reading of the novel’s royalist project of cultural investment in such notions as nobility, hierarchy and order.
EN
This article aims to study the uses and “non-uses” of the word constitution in the institutional history of France in the 19th century: at the time of the Restoration of the Bourbon dynasty in 1814, after the fall of Napoleon and at the time of birth of the 3rd Republic.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zbadanie użycia i tytułowego „nieużycia” wyrazu konstytucja w historii instytucjonalnej Francji w XIX wieku: w okresie restauracji dynastii Burbonów w 1814 roku, po upadku Napoleona i w okresie powstawania III Republiki.
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