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Apollo as Vindex and Ultor during the Augustan Age: New Perspectives

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Piccioni A.

Eirene. Studia Graeca et Latina

2016

vol. 52

issue 1-2

423–443

Iam Fides et Pax et Honor Pudorque / priscus et neglecta redire Virtus / audet apparetque beata pleno / copia cornu recites the Carmen Saeculare (lines 57–60). This is the beginning of a new Golden Age, of the Aurea aetas (OV. Met. I,89). Augustus himself writes that he brought peace to the Res Publica (RG 25,1–2; 26,2–3). It is however meaningful that he dedicated a cult to Mars Ultor and adopted Apollo, the god of revenge par excellence, as his personal protector. On the basis of diverse archaeological evidence connected to the literary sources, the present paper aims to point out the function of “Apollo the avenger”in Augustan politics as an element for establishing, justifying and guaranteeing (vindicare) the power of the princeps, as well as the actions of the young Octavian.Even the link to ultio, private revenge, was not denied. Surely the epithet Ultor for Mars recalls the private function of revenge against the Caesaricides, but Apollo seems to have embodied the public role of guarantor (vindex) for the entire Res Publica, a role that Augustus also wished to take up. The very concept of pax Augusta is based upon revenge. It contains a warning to internal and external enemies, simultaneously making Augustus guarantor of the State and enabling him to take vengeance on his personal enemies. This subtle threat, which is concentrated in the fi gure of Apollo, a personifi cation of the princeps himself, seems to have been one of the main features of the Augustan regime.

The foremost gift or the impossible ideal to reach? Valorial components of forgiveness among Italian adolescents

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Szcześniak M., Vitali M., Rondón G.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

2012

vol. 43

issue 3

199-209

The foremost gift or the impossible ideal to reach? Valorial components of forgiveness among Italian adolescents In the year 2006, the American Psychological Association published a series of Research Briefs brochures to make available to the public short outlines on contemporary psychological studies of themes relevant to the United Nations’ mission. One of the items that was listed and given a considerable attention within the psychological fi eld was ‘forgiveness’. That initiative, despite the fact that forgiveness has been considered rather a theological issue, has generated a great interest among psychologists, thus leading them to undertake some projects on forgiveness. In accordance with this concept of forgiveness, we chose in this research to investigate an individual’s ability to forgive as related to a basic human value. The study involved 274 Italian adolescents between 14 and 19 years of age. To measure variables involved in the research we used the following instruments: Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (TRIM-12), The Marital Offence-Specifi c Forgiveness Scale (MOFS) adapted to the adolescents’ sample, Trait Forgiveness Scale (TFS), and Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ). The results obtained in the study show that forgiveness is positively related to selftranscendent and conservation values, and negatively correlated with self-enhancement and openness to change values.

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1 Eirene. Studia Graeca et Latina

1 Polish Psychological Bulletin

1 Piccioni A.

1 Rondón G.

1 Szcześniak M.

1 Vitali M.

1 2016

1 2012

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Apollo as Vindex and Ultor during the Augustan Age: New Perspectives

The foremost gift or the impossible ideal to reach? Valorial components of forgiveness among Italian adolescents