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EN
The construction of hydropower plants on transboundary rivers is seldom done with equal benefits to all riparians, and therefore presents coordination and cooperation challenges. Without a supra-national authority in charge of transboundary river basins, coordination between sectors (water, energy and environment) and cooperation between countries largely depends on willingness of the individual nation states and the power relations between these countries. This paper discusses how the interests and relative power positions of actors in transboundary water management shape the outcomes, and what roles are played by River Basin Organisations and foreign investors (especially in hydropower development). These issues are illustrated with examples from the Mekong river in Southeast Asia (Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam), the Euphrates-Tigris (Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran and Kuwait) and the Çoruh in Turkey and Georgia.
PL
Celem opracowania była charakterystyka turystyki śródlądowej na Wiśle w Warszawie. Opisane zostały funkcje rzeki w przeszłości, a także wpływ rozwoju turystyki śródlądowej na życie mieszkańców Warszawy. Nie można było pominąć także charakterystyki środowiska naturalnego otaczającego wody Wisły, które dodawało ogromnej wartości i przyczyniało się przez wieki do niezwykłej popularności turystyki śródlądowej nad Wisłą. Scharakteryzowano również najważniejszą infrastrukturę turystyczną nadwiślańskich brzegów: Bulwary Wiślane, Port Czerniakowski, wypożyczalnie sprzętu wodnego i kluby sportowe mające swoją siedzibę nad Wisłą. Ponadto przybliżono działania przedsiębiorców i instytucji państwowych na rzecz promocji turystyki śródlądowej w Warszawie. Omówione zostały także wybrane działania Urzędu Miasta i organizacji pozarządowych mające na celu promowanie aktywności mieszkańców i osób przyjezdnych nad Wisłą.
EN
The aim of the study was to characterize inland tourism on the Vistula in Warsaw. The functions of the river in the past have been described, as well as the impact of the development of inland tourism on the lives of Warsaw. One could not omit the characteristics of the natural environment surrounding the Vistula River, which added enormous value and contributed to the extraordinary popularity of inland tourism on the Vistula River for centuries. The most important tourist infrastructure of the Vistula banks was characterized: Vistula boulevards, Czerniakowski port, water equipment rentals and sports clubs based on the Vistula. In addition, the approximation of activities of entrepreneurs and state institutions for the promotion of inland tourism in Warsaw. The selected activities of the City Hall and non-governmental organizations aimed at promoting the activity of residents and visitors on the Vistula were also discussed.
EN
The text discusses Ted Hughes’ poetic sequence River from the perspective of eco-criticism. The poems included in this sequence illustrate the poet’s life-long interest in alternative forms of spirituality. The reader may recognise in them traces of hermetic philosophy, alchemy and shamanic healing practices. Hughes can also be called a meditative poet, if meditation is understood as a practice of attentively observing the surrounding reality. His treatment of nature is reflected in his original poetic idiom, where the sound and meaning of the human language frequently give way to the infra- and ultrasounds of the “unheard melodies” sung by plants and animals.
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