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EN
The multicultural site 1 at Michałowice has long attracted the attention of archaeologists. Since the 1950’s, artefacts attributed to the Przeworsk culture have been discovered from time to time in fields near the administrative border between the Michałowice and Ciuślice villages. This resulted in an initial, small-scale salvage excavation of the site, which revealed skeleton burials of the Lusatian culture, as well as skeleton and cremation burials attributed to the Przeworsk culture. The excavations conducted in 2008–2010 uncovered 53 archaeological features, attributed to the Trzciniec, Lusatian and Przeworsk cultures. Among the most remarkable discoveries were human and horse burials connected with the Trzciniec culture and the Early Roman Period groove-type features from the Przeworsk culture cemetery.
EN
n 5 March 2016, a resident of Przezmark announced the discovery of a hoard of 86 Roman denarii dating to the first and second century. The coins were located on the surface. From October 27 to November 2, 2016, archaeological research was carried out at the site of discovery. Seven denarii and two fragments of hand–crafted pottery from the period of Roman influence were discovered during the investigations. On October 27–28, 2017, another archaeological survey took place, during which an additional seven denarii were discovered. In total, 100 coins were recovered, which are currently in the Museum in Ostróda. The results of the excavations and field prospecting enable the interpretation of the site as a domestic space or cemetery to be ruled out, and the coin hoard is best understood as being concealed for economic or religious purposes.
EN
During the excavations carried out in 2007-2008 dwelling part of the site at Pakoszówka was investigated, in the zone bordering on area where the field works in 2003-2004 were conducted. Especially worth noticing are observations concerning stratigraphical relations between some features within the investigated part of the site. They remain in accordance with the relative chronology of pottery discovered within fills of the features. Oldest one are two large storage pits, dated back to the beginning of the Early Roman Period. They are cut partially by relics of an earthfast house, which yielded pottery from the end of the Early Roman Period. The youngest stage of this stratigraphical sequence is represented by the pit, which is dated to Younger Roman Period. Within the fill of the last mentioned feature besides the hand-made pottery also some fragments of wheel-made pottery as well as piece of silver mirror were found. All discovered in 2007-2008 artifacts represent Przeworsk culture, however with some traces of other cultural traditions.
EN
Archaeological works conducted in site 17 in Gostkowo-Folsung in 2008 were the part of research program concerning settlement of Wielbarska culture in Chełmińska Land. The site in Gostkowo has been known in archaeological literature for over 70 years. In 2008 total of 112,5 m2 was researched. 5 anthropogenic layers and 28 cultural objects were excavated, 12 of which are associated with Lusatian culture settlement, 5 of undoubtedly Wielbarska chronology and the following 5 are presumably of Wielbarska origin, two objects are dated for Neolithic Age) and 4 objects of unidentified cultural attachment. Material excavated in 2008 chronology suggested above inscribes ideally into the frame of data established earlier, which led to distinguishing three stages of using necropolis in Gostkowo. Horizon I — cemetery setting, phase B2b (fibula A.II-38), Horizon II with the most numerous group of monuments, phase B2/C1 (fibulae A.II-41, A.V-95/96). Horizon III, corresponding withphase C1a, in which material of late Roman style (fibula A. VI-162) appears.
EN
Surveys conducted in the upper San area since 70-ties led to the discovery of vast number of settlements dated back to the Roman Period. Since 90-ties until now the expedition of Archaeological Institute of Jagiellonian University carry out excavations on selected sites within the area surrounding Sanok, such as settlement at Pakoszówka (sites 1 and 26) and cemetery at Prusiek. Results of this studies allow us to assume that in contrary to the western part of Polish Carpathians the upper San area constituted during the first centuries AD a kind of transitional zone of different cultural currents. Besides elements of Przeworsk culture the Dacian influences from the Dniester region and the eastern Slovakia are especially noticeable in the area in question.
EN
Recent discoveries from the Kuyavia region provided a number of finds that change our perception of the continuity of inhabitation in the Kuyavia area after the disappearance of the Przeworsk culture settlement structures related to the Pre-Roman and Roman Periods. The settlement in Kuyavia existed also during the Migration Period at least until the 7th c. The settlement complex in Gąski-Wierzbiczany, from which the belt purse fastenings presented in the following paper came, seems to be of particular importance. The fastenings are dated to the 2 nd half of the 4 th and the beginnings of the 5 th c., i.e., the decline of the Late Roman Period and the onset of the Migration Period. Until recently, they were known from the areas neighbouring the Roman Empire boundary — limes — and from Roman military camps in Rhaetia. Currently, their list significantly extended, and the range of their occurrence expanded and includes the east Germany and Bohemia. At the same time the finds form Kuyavia (most likely made on-the-spot) are among specimens located furthest to the east. It seems that these unique finds of purse fastenings from the south-eastern and eastern peripheries of Europe might be explained through the existence of a cultural centre in Kuyavia that facilitated the propagation of western cultural patterns, in this case related to outfit of warriors
EN
Research on the settlement dated at the Roman Period at Pakoszówka was a continuation of the works carried out in the years 1999-2000 and 2002-2003. In light of the results of previous studies the settlement can be divided into two zones. In the southern part of the site, at the foot of Wroczeń Mountain, a zone of economic and productive activity was recognized, while in the higher northern area a residential part was indicated. Research in 2004 focused in the latter part of the site. Cultural affiliation of settlement at Pakoszówka is not completely clear. The elements typical of the Przeworsk Culture are accompanied by certain foreign elements, most likely derived from the Dacian cultural circle.
EN
To date only four roman denarii issued in the period between the coming to power of Tiberius in 14 AD and the monetary reform of Nero in 64 AD are known from Poland, all of them single finds. Three — two Tiberius and one Caligula — were discovered in a small area bordering the river Ropa, the left-hand tributary of the Wisłoka. Presumably these coins had found their way to the area north of the Carpathian range from the south. In seeking to identify possible causes of their influx we need to pinpoint, first, factors related to the functioning and decline of the Kingdom of Vannius, the client state of the Roman Empire, established presumably in the southwestern area of today’s Slovakia and in Moravia. An alternative interpretation is to link the coin finds in question with the impact from Dacian culture on the area to the north of the Carpathians. irrespective of the causes of the coin influx, these coin finds, definitely not typical on the territory of Poland, point to the existence in the drainage basin of the Wisłoka around 50 Ad of some special circumstances that we can hope to see illuminated by the results of future archaeological research in the region.
EN
The article presents results of archaeological excavation conducted in Kraków-Górka Narodowa, site 6. During an archaeological watching brief, among other discovered features, the Roman Period pottery kiln was found. The site is a rare example of the workshop consisting of two kilns connected by one stoker’s pit. Only one of the kilns was excavated as the other one was located outside of the construction area. The analysis of the construction of the kiln, that was preserved in bad condition, allowed to link this workshop with the other known production sites form the Kraków area, located on the Vistula fluvial terrace. The fill of the kiln and the stoker’s pit consisted of 98 pieces of pots, in vast majority made on wheel. Analysis of both the kiln and the ceramics allowed to set broad chronological framework.
PL
Podczas nadzoru archeologicznego na stanowisku Kraków-Górka Narodowa 6, znaleziono szereg obiektów archeologicznych. Część z nich, na podstawie analizy materiału pozyskanego z ich wypełnisk, udało się wydatować na okres neolitu oraz okres rzymski. Niewątpliwie, najbardziej interesującym obiektem odkrytym na stanowisku jest piec do wypału ceramiki z okresu rzymskiego. Zarówno lokalizacja stanowiska na krawędzi terasy lewego brzegu Wisły jak i konstrukcja pieca dobrze korespondują z innymi tego typu znaleziskami z okolic Krakowa (Kraków-Nowa Huta-Pleszów, stan. 17–20, Kraków-Nowa Huta- -Mogiła, stan. 59, Kraków-Nowa Huta-Cło, stan. 1, 58, 58A, 65, Zofipole, stan. 1 oraz Igołomia, stan. 1). Obiekt zarysował się na głębokości ok. 80 cm. W wykopie związanym z prowadzoną inwestycją znalazł się piec oraz jama przypiecowa. Miąższość uchwyconej części obiektu wynosiła ok. 100 cm. Komora wypałowa posiadała średnicę ok. 148 cm. Ściany obiektu wydrążonego w podłożu lessowym były silnie przepalone. Dolna część, najprawdopodobniej stanowiąca komorę paleniskową, miała w przekroju kształt trapezowaty o szerokości ok. 175 cm. Jeśli przyjąć miejsce, w którym obiekt zaczyna się poszerzać za początek komory dolnej, to jej miąższość wynosiła ok. 65 cm. W obrębie przebadanego obiektu nie zachowały się fragmenty rusztu ani inne elementy konstrukcyjne. W najniższej części eksploracyjnej (głębokość ok. 80 cm) uchwycono pas przepalonego lessu, dzielący obiekt mniej więcej na pół, który wg autorów może stanowić destrukt przegrody pieca. Komora dolna obiektu połączona była z komorą przypiecową od strony północno-wschodniej. Nie zauważono jednak by kanał je łączący podzielony był przegrodą. Można to być związane ze złym stanem zachowania obiektu. Komora dolna drugiego, nie badanego pieca garncarskiego posiadała kanał wlotowy wydrążony w podłożu lessowym, przedzielony przegrodą, co wyraźnie widać na profilu stanowiącym granicę wykopu. Znajdował się on na północ od jamy przypiecowej. Opisywane kanały posiadały przekrój kolisty o średnicy 45 cm. Wypełnisko zarówno komory pieca garncarskiego jak i jamy przypiecowej miało charakter zasypiskowy, a w jego nawarstwieniach odnaleziono klejące się między sobą fragmenty naczyń ceramicznych. Charakter nawarstwień pozwala sądzić, iż powstały one w tym samym czasie podczas akcji niwelacyjnej terenu, kiedy obiekt być może został wtórnie wykorzystany jako jama odpadkowa. Konstrukcja pieca znalezionego na stanowisku 6 w Krakowie-Górce Narodowej nie jest prosta do rekonstrukcji. Stan zachowania elementów konstrukcyjnych pozwala na ogólnikową próbę opisu pierwotnego kształtu założenia. Jak już wspomniano, obiekt składał się z zespołu dwóch pieców połączonych jedną jamą przypiecową. Tego typu pary pieców występują stosunkowo rzadko (Dobrzańska 1990b, 23), znajdują jednak bliskie analogie na terenach podkrakowskich w Igołomi i Zofipolu. Charakterystyczny dla Igołomi jest fakt współwystępowania w zespole mniejszego i większego pieca. Większy posiadał dłuższą przegrodę komory dolnej, sięgającą komory przypiecowej podczas gdy obiekt mniejszy posiadał przegrodę krótszą, nie ciągnącą się przez całą długość kanału wlotowego (Dobrzańska 1990b, 23). Z oczywistych względów nie można mieć pewności, który z pieców z Górki Narodowej posiadał większe rozmiary, jednakże jeśliby przyjąć, że i w tej kwestii mamy do czynienia ze ścisłą analogią należałoby przyjąć, iż przebadana konstrukcja jest mniejszą z pary, ponieważ przegroda niebadanego pieca prawdopodobnie sięgała jamy przypiecowej. Hipoteza ta wydaje się prawdopodobna, zwłaszcza że rekonstruowana średnica rusztu badanego obiektu wynosi około 130–135 cm, co odpowiada średnicom rusztów pieców 3/52 i 7/54, a więc mniejszych z odkrytych w Igołomi zespołów (Dobrzańska 1990a, 151, 163). Należy zwrócić uwagę, iż odnalezione w Igołomi zespoły należy datować na fazę C1b (Dobrzańska 1990b, 80, rys. 18), natomiast zespoły z Zofipola datowane są także na fazę C3 (Dobrzańska 2011, 268) okresu wpływów rzymskich, tak więc sama forma łączenia pieców w pary nie jest wyznacznikiem chronologicznym. W wypełnisku omawianego pieca i jamy przypiecowej zachowało się łącznie 98 fragmentów ceramiki (92 fragmentów pochodzi z wypełniska pieca, 6 z jamy przypiecowej). Prawie wszystkie, za wyjątkiem dwóch, pochodzą z naczyń wykonanych przy użyciu koła garncarskiego. Materiał ceramiczny pochodzący z różnych poziomów i części wypełniska pieca garncarskiego i jamy przypiecowej wykleja się między sobą. Z wypełniska pieca i jamy przypiecowej pochodzą fragmenty naczyń różnych odcieni barwy beżowej, żółtej i brązowej (69 fragmentów), rzadziej barwy szarej i czarnej (27 fragmentów). Fakt ten może sugerować, że materiał ceramiczny pochodzi w większości z nieudanych wypałów przebiegających w atmosferze utleniającej. O występowaniu w omawianym zbiorze fragmentów pochodzących z nieudanych wypałów, świadczy także obecność skorup o niewystarczającej twardości. Nadmienić należy, że wszystkie tego typu fragmenty pochodziły z naczyń o wyświeconych, czarnych powierzchniach. Wskazanie momentu chronologicznego, w którym funkcjonował opisywany piec garncarski przedstawia szereg trudności. Niewątpliwie największym z nich jest fakt jego zasypania materiałem, który de facto nie datuje momentu końca jego użytkowania, a jedynie czas jego zasypania. Fragmenty naczyń odnalezionych w obrębie wypełniska można datować między fazami C1b–D okresu wpływów rzymskich i wczesnej fazy wędrówek ludów. Fakt ten najlepiej odzwierciedla obecność fragmentów waz nawiązujących do typu 13 wg H. Dobrzańskiej (1990b, tabl. 19). Naczynia te występowały między wymienionymi fazami chronologicznymi, co potwierdzają także odkrycia z Krakowa-Nowej Huty-Cła i Krakowa-Nowej Huty-Mogiły (Glanc-Kwaśny 1997, 47–48; Glanc-Kwaśny, Rodak 2000, 99–100). Datowanie użytkowania opisywanego obiektu między fazami C1b–D potwierdza także obecność garnków zbliżonych formą do typów 41 lub 42, datowanych między fazą C1b i C2 w systematyce H. Dobrzańskiej (1990b, tabl. 19). Podsumowując powyższe, należy stwierdzić, iż nie udało się określić precyzyjnej chronologii odkrytych materiałów. Wydaje się jednak, iż wśród publikowanego zbioru znajdują się elementy odbiegające od typowych dla środowiska kultury przeworskiej w mikroregionie podkrakowskim. Fakt ten może być efektem zasypania opisywanego pieca fragmentami ceramicznymi pochodzącymi z nieudanych wypałów. Sam piec silnie nawiązuje do konstrukcji odkrytych na terenach podkrakowskich, przede wszystkim w Igołomii i Zofipolu. Dalsze informacje mogłyby przynieść badania drugiego pieca, znajdującego się poza terenem inwestycji.
EN
Presented paper is devoted to the forms of the sword belt buckle produced on the territory of the Central European Barbaricum, which are characterised by presence of fastening riveted down to bottom plate and which are a part of baldric. It seems that the custom of hanging sword on the belt worn over one shoulder emerges in Barbaricum at the beginning of 2nd century AD or shortly earlier. Perhaps in connection with the widespread presence of barbarian auxiliary troops in the Roman army. Original reception environment of this habit was the Elbe Germanic cultural circle. Whilst in the case of the Early Roman Period buckles from this territory one may trace their local stylistic origin, the specimens dated to the Younger Roman Period are true imitation of Roman models. Occurrence of the balteus buckles in other regions of Central European Barbaricum can be considered as a result of influences from the Elbe Germanic cultural circle, and dated back not earlier as to the 1st half of the 3rd century AD.
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EN
Near the water reservoir of the village of Pusté Sady (district of Galanta) they have recently found Roman coins and a brooch proving the commercial ties of this microregion located in the basin of the Jarč brook with the province of Lower Pannonia in the early Roman Period. The finds include an enameled plate-shaped brooch with hinge attachment mechanism (type Exner III 46), featuring a rare type in the Barbaricum territory. Interesting testimonies are also provided by Roman coins. They are characterised by perforations; in one case we observe a falsified denarius from the given historical period; another case represents one of the last antoniniani struck in the Viminacium mint.
EN
The study deals with an assemblage of four bronze vessels from the collection of Chancellor K. Metternich, currently stored in the depository of movable heritage assets of the Kynžvart State Castle. They represent an evidence of early Roman imperial toreutics from the region of Pompeii. We present an artefactual and iconographic analysis of the vessels, their elemental composition, the story of their acquisition, the collecting context of the 19th century, including the environment of Neapolitan heritage preservation.
EN
In the Quadi settlement in Veľký Meder (south-western Slovakia, Žitný Ostrov region), in one dugout, there was found ceramics from the second half of the 2nd century and also an earthen figurine of a water bird, probably a wild duck. The sculpture was presumably originally part of a ceramic vessel, for example on the bottom of a flat bowl. Zoomorphic sculptures (either as independent pieces of art or as part of other objects) are quite rare in the environment inhabited by the Danubian Suebi. Amongst the available pieces, the most numerous ones are represented by water birds. Further examples from Lower Austria and southern Moravia show their occurrence in the 2nd and 3rd century, i.e. in an epoch characterised by formal and ornamental flourishing of manually modelled Germanic ceramics. Water birds played a significant role already in the religious mindset of people from Bronze Age and Hallstatt culture, especially with regard to the cult of the Sun and sun-boat. Under a different meaning and according to Germanic ideas, they could represent also some mediators of the will of the gods or guides of the souls of dead to the underworld.
EN
In the Roman Period (1st–4th century AD), the territory north of Pannonia (SW Slovakia) was settled by the Germanic tribes of Marcomanni and Quadi. The contacts between the Romans and Germans in this area were far from ordinary. Italian and provincial wares (vessels, jewellery, parts of clothes and military equipment, toilet and work tools, coins, etc.) found their way to Barbaricum via ancient routes, most often by long-distance, cross-border and local trade. Raw materials and products from the outlying barbarian territories to the Roman Empire and the adjacent barbarian areas are much less common. The most significant among these were amber and amber artefacts, which prove connections between the Middle Danube region and the Baltic Sea. They are mostly beads and pendants, found in Roman burials on the frontier and in Germanic burials and settlements in Barbaricum.
16
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EN
The Przeworsk culture is part of the development of the Roman Period in Eastern Slovakia from the end of the Early Roman Period. First finds are known from the middle 20th century when the burial ground in Zemplín and settlement in Prešov were discovered. The goal of the submitted article is to inform about the first finds and gradual development of investigation as well as of our knowledge of the Przeworsk culture in Eastern Slovakia.
EN
In phase B1, and very prominently – in phase B2 of the Roman Period, tribal groups of the north-eastern territories of the Przeworsk culture displayed a number of characteristic regional elements. These elements are mostly seen in female outfits that become much richer and more varied than elsewhere within the Przeworsk culture territory. The features specific for the Eastern Przeworsk Zone, like e.g., a very high frequency of dress elements made of copper alloys, would be largely the effect of mutual relations of these people with communities of the Wielbark culture from Eastern Pomerania. Though outwardly only ethnographic, this specificity of the material culture may have deeper underlying causes, since starting with phase B1, there is evidence of two basic types of Eastern Przeworsk cemeteries. In both cases, the women’s grave furnishings display general Eastern Przeworsk characteristics. In cemeteries of the first group weapon graves disappear already in early phase B1. These cemeteries fell out of use before the end of phase B2 and reflect the full, or nearly full withdrawal of the ‘Przeworsk’ community from that area. The second group form Przeworsk cemeteries with ‘standard’ weapon graves. From phase B2/C1 on, the Wielbark culture newcomers continued to use many of these cemeteries. Many of them were then continuously used from phase B2/C1 by the Wielbark culture newcomers. It appears that a part of the Przeworsk population from the Eastern Zone probably joined Gothic (Wielbark) tribes then moving south. Recently many brooches recognized traditionally as definitely ethnographic markers of the Przeworsk culture (types Almgren 43 and Almgren 129) have been registered in the western provinces of nowadays Ukraine. However, these finds are already much more numerous than those from the ‘core’ territory of the Przeworsk culture – for the time being, this phenomenon seems to be inexplicable.
EN
Excavations on a multicultural archaeological site at Michałowice have been conducted since 2008. So for, a total area of nearly 3200 m2 has been explored, bringing to light 107 archaeological features connected in the most part with the Przeworsk culture cemetery. In the 2012 season, 6 cremation burials and one groove-type feature attributed to this cultural unit were discovered. They were dug into a very large (ca. 30 m in diameter) natural closed depression.
PL
Badania wykopaliskowe na wielokulturowym stanowisku 1 w Michałowicach prowadzone są od roku 2008. Do chwili obecnej odsłonięto obszar o powierzchni blisko 32 arów, odkrywając 107 obiektów, związanych głównie cmentarzyskiem ludności kultury przeworskiej (por. Pikulski, Zagórska-Telega 2011; Zagórska-Telega et al. 2011; 2012) (Ryc. 2). W sezonie 2012 badania koncentrowały się w północno-wschodniej części stanowiska i miały na celu weryfikacje badań geofizycznych przeprowadzonych przez mgr. P. Wronieckiego w roku 2010 (por. Wroniecki 2012). W trakcie badań wykopaliskowych wyeksplorowano obszar około 6 arów, odsłaniając bardzo dużych rozmiarów (ok. 30 m średnicy) naturalne zagłębienie bezodpływowe, tzw. wymok, określone jako obiekt 100. W obiekt ten zostało wkopanych sześć grobów ciałopalnych kultury przeworskiej (obiekty 101–104, 106, 107) oraz obiekt rowkowy związany z tą samą jednostką kulturową (105). Odkryte w trakcie tegorocznych badań groby były w znacznym stopniu zniszczone przez głęboką orkę. Zostały one wyposażone w przedmioty charakterystyczne dla pochówków kultury przeworskiej, m.in. w elementy stroju w postaci zapinek (obiekt 104, Ryc. 10: 2, 3) i sprzączek do pasa (obiekt 103, Ryc. 9: 2), jak również nożyce żelazne (obiekt 101, Ryc. 6) i nóż (obiekt 101, Ryc. 5: 1). Z obiektem 101 związana jest prawdopodobnie także ostroga żelazna (Ryc. 5: 2). W jednym z grobów (obiekt 103) odkryto koncentrację fragmentów ceramiki, pochodzących z kilku mocno zniekształconych i potłuczonych naczyń (Ryc. 7; 8). Wszystkie wspomniane obiekty należy datować na wczesny okres rzymski.
EN
The cemetery at Ostrowite was first published by K. Hahuła in her study of Wielbark Culture in the Dobrzyń Land. In this contribution this author mentioned a bronze brooch type Almgren 95, now considered as lost, and a fragment of a three-layer comb, using them to establish the dating of the grave-field as phase B2/C1–C1a (K. Hahuła 1988, p. 100, fig. 4, pl. VI:7). Recently, the rediscovery of a brief note referring on the site at Ostrowite in the archives of the museum in Grudziądz (Muzeum im. ks. dr. Władysława Łęgi) dating to 1948 was followed by the publication of a sketch (Fig. 2) and a description of an urned burial discovered at that location that same year (H. Błachnio, W. Błachnio 2016, fig. 155–157). With this input it is possible to reconstruct the history of this discovery, identify the inventory of the urned burial, and the assemblage of stray finds picked up from the surface of the cemetery (Fig. 3). Now lost, the burial ground used to lie in the village of in Ostrowite, Commune Brzuze, County Rypin, on a tract of elevated ground, now fully lost to a gravel mine (Fig. 1). Błachnio unearthed an urned burial (Fig. 2), consisting of pottery vessels: a bowl, type XaA (Fig. 3:1), two handled cups, type XVA (Fig. 3:4) and XVC (Fig. 3:2), two diminutive forms, type XVIB (Fig. 3:3) and group XVII (Fig.3:5), next to which there was also a fragment of a three-layer comb, presumably antler, retaining a bronze rivet (Fig. 3:6), a fragment of a small bronze cylinder originally covering the brooch spring (Fig. 3:7) and a clay spindlewhorl (Fig. 3:8). Stray finds picked up from the surface of the cemetery included three bronze brooches, type Almgren 95 (Fig. 3:9–11), a fragment of a solid spring from a bronze brooch (Fig. 3:12) and around 100 uncharacteristic potsherds (now lost). Another find, reportedly recovered at Ostrowite was a bronze crossbow brooch, type Almgren 161 at Ostrowite (J. Janikowski 1976b, p. 82) is far from substantiated. The urned burial and the two brooches lacking context are datable broadly to phase B2/C1–C1a, the third brooch (Fig. 3:9) could be older, possibly dating to the end of the Early Roman Period, stage B2c. While the newly disclosed sources helped identify the exact location of the cemetery within the village they have not altered in any major way its dating to phase B2/C1–C1a (K. Hahuła 1988, fig. 4). At the same time, the newly available record suggests that the grave-field originally had a great many graves, now lost, and as such it could have a much broader chronological span.
EN
Two urned burials were discovered in the village of Parski, its western or south-western area presumably (Fig. 1:9.10), in 1900 and 1913 (see: W. Łęga 1930). Archaeological recovered at that time (Fig. 2, 3) entered the Stadtmuseum (City Museum) in Graudenz/Grudziądz (until 1920 in Prussia); of these only a bronze brooch, type Almgren 95, survived (Fig. 2:c) and is now in Muzeum Archeologiczne w Gdańsku (Archaeological Museum in Gdańsk); two cinerary urns and a glass jetton have gone missing. Further discoveries were made at Parski in 1939. At this time, the now Polish Muzeum Miejskie (City Museum) in Grudziądz acquired seven pottery vessels, some sherds and a bronze buckle; of these the buckle, type D29, one of the vessels (a jug, group IX), and a brooch possibly recovered the same year – type Almgren 162 (Fig. 5:a–c), are still in keeping of Muzeum im. ks. dr. Władysława Łęgi w Grudziądzu (The Father Dr. Władysław Łęga Museum in Grudziądz). In 1955, on a hummock in the north-eastern area of the village mined for sand (Fig. 1:1), the first head of the Muzeum w Grudziądzu after the war, J. Błachnio, collected a few dozen fragments of pottery, a jug (group IX), a bowl (type XaA) and two clay spindlewhorls (Fig. 5:d–l), provenanced to a Wielbark Culture cemetery. Fieldwork carried out in 1968 in the vicinity of the now obliterated hummock brought in an assemblage of pottery finds, daub, charcoal and animal bones, interpreted as the remains of Lusatian Culture and Wielbark Culture settlements (see: R. Boguwolski 1969; 1972). The materials recovered at Parski may derive from two separate cemeteries, in use in the Late Roman Period, phases B2/C1–C2, possibly even as early as phase B2 of the Late Roman Period. In the immediate vicinity of these cemeteries were two (or three) other grave-fields, of Roman Period date – one (possibly two) at Parski, in fields belonging to Reinhold and Hippke (identified in 1900 and 1913), another possible burial ground, at Nowa Wieś site 4a (Fig. 1:8), in use during phases B2–C1b, possibly as late as phase C2 (M. Kurzyńska, in print). Finally, a surface survey carried out in 1982 (R. Boguwolski 1982) recorded a group of settlements of Roman Period date (Fig. 1).
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