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Sejny a niepodległość

100%
Studia Ełckie
|
2019
|
vol. 21
|
issue 1
101-115
EN
The land in the north-eastern corner of Poland (the region of Suwałki, Sejny, Augustów) was in the Russian partition for 100 years. Everything that was connected with Poland was fought by repressions. This area was full of nationality, cultural and religious variety. After the World War II a chance for regaining independence by Poland and Lithuania has appeared. Lithuanian people did not want to agree to the border line according to the so called Foch line. Germans who had to withdraw, favored the formation of the structure of Lithuanian authorities. It leaded to the Sejny Uprising, as the result of which Suwalszczyzna became a part of Poland. It brought dipper division between Polish and Lithuanian people, who in the past created Commonwealth.
Prawo
|
2019
|
issue 327
115-127
EN
The protection of officials is aimed at ensuring the functioning of the state which is a common good of all citizens. Protection based on criminal law regulations is a special kind of protection. In the lands of the former Russian partition after 1918, until the adoption of the Polish criminal code in 1932, it was granted on the basis of the provisions contained in Part Six of the Russian Criminal Code of 1903 (the so-called Tagantsev code). It was not straightforward because the Russian code was characterized by excessively detailed regulations which created problems with its application in practice. The application of this code required adapting its old content to new conditions. Providing protection to civil servants was, however, one of the main tasks of the revived Polish state.
PL
Komentarz wprowadza w problematykę listów, które napisały do Seweryna Gałęzowskiego (1801-1878) dwie jego pacjentki, Anna Laskiewicz i Rozalia z Bispingów Wessel. W tym czasie Gałęzowski przebywał na emigracji w Paryżu, dlatego chore kobiety mogły uzyskać od niego poradę lekarską tylko drogą korespondencyjną. Listy te są godne uwagi jako przykład dziewiętnastowiecznej narracji pacjentów o chorobie, a ponadto jako obraz życia ziemian w zaborze rosyjskim w okresie międzypowstaniowym. Oryginały listów znajdują się w Bibliotece Polskiej w Paryżu.
EN
The commentary gives the feedback to letters written to Seweryn Gałęzowski (1801-1878) by his patients, Anna Laskiewicz and Rozalia Wessel née Bisping. At that time, Gałęzowski was in exile in Paris, so both sick women could obtain medical advice from him only by the correspondence. The letters below are noteworthy as an example of the nineteenth-century narration of patient about the disease, and also as a picture of the life of landowners in the Russian partition of Poland in the inter-uprising period. The original letters are kept in the Polish Library in Paris.
PL
W Państwowym Archiwum Historycznym Litwy w Wilnie znajduje się wiele ciekawych źródeł do dziejów nauki polskiej w XIX wieku. Należy do nich korespondencja profesora Adama Ferdynanda Adamowicza z lat 1848-1867. Listy pisane do niego i przez niego ukazują stan życia umysłowego Polaków na Wileńszczyźnie. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia autorów tych listów i komentuje ich treść.
EN
Many interesting sources to the history of Polish science in the 19th century are kept in the State Historical Archive of Lithuania in Vilnius. Among them is a correspondence written to and by Professor Adam Ferdynand Adamowicz from 1848 to 1867. These letters present the status of intellectual life in the region of Vilnius in the Partition period. This article comments the letters and describes their authors.
EN
Bogdan Graf von Hutten-Czapski’s memorandum regarding the conditions in the Russian partition fuelled hopes in the leadership circles of the German Empire that the Polish population would side with Germany in the event of war with Russia, and thus significantly facilitate the entry of German troops. The PolishGerman nobleman was far from initiating an agreement between the Germans and the Poles, but the possibility of German concessions seemed quite likely in the early 1890s. This „thaw” in Polish-German relations, however, was short-lived. It is also visible how much the German command, centered around the Prussian Chief of the General Staff, Alfred von Schlieffen, was interested in intra-Polish disputes. Hutten-Czapski bluntly described the harsh depolonization measures of the tsarist administration and thus showed the potential for conflict east of the Vistula, which the German Reich could have exploited. Schlieffen was so impressed that he sent Hutten-Czapski further questionnaires to assess the mood in the Russian partition.
PL
Memorandum Bogdana Grafa von Hutten-Czapskiego w sprawie sytuacji w zaborze rosyjskim podsyciło w kręgach decyzyjnych Cesarstwa Niemieckiego nadzieje na to, że ludność polska stanie po stronie niemieckiej w przypadku wojny z Rosją, a tym samym znacznie ułatwi wkroczenie wojsk niemieckich. Polsko- -niemiecki szlachcic był daleki od propozycji zainicjowania porozumienia między Niemcami a Polakami, ale możliwość niemieckich ustępstw wydawała się całkiem prawdopodobna na początku lat dziewięćdziesiątych XIX w. Ta „odwilż” w stosunkach polsko-niemieckich była jednak krótkotrwała. Widać również, jak bardzo niemieckie dowództwo, skupione wokół pruskiego szefa sztabu generalnego Alfreda von Schlieffena, interesowało się wewnątrzpolskimi sporami. Hutten-Czapski bez ogródek opisał surowe środki depolonizacyjne carskiej administracji i tym samym pokazał potencjał konfliktu w kraju na wschód od Wisły, który Rzesza Niemiecka mogła wykorzystać. Schlieffen był pod takim wrażeniem, że wysłał Hutten-Czapskiemu kolejne kwestionariusze w celu oceny nastrojów w zaborze rosyjskim.
DE
Hutten-Czapskis Denkschrift über die Zustände in Russisch-Polen nährte in den Führungszirkeln des Deutschen Kaiserreichs die Hoffnungen, die polnische Bevölkerung werde sich im Falle eines deutsch-russischen Krieges auf die deutsche Seite stellen und so den Vormarsch deutscher Truppen erheblich begünstigen. Das Anliegen des deutsch-polnischen Adeligen, einen Ausgleich zwischen Deutschen und Polen zu initiieren, lag zwar nach wie vor in weiter Ferne, doch schien ein deutsches Entgegenkommen Anfang der 1890er-Jahre durchaus möglich zu sein. Dieser „Frühling” in den deutsch-polnischen Beziehungen war indes nur von kurzer Dauer. Sichtbar wird zudem, welch großes Interesse die deutsche Heerführung um den preußischen Generalstabschef Alfred von Schlieffen den innerpolnischen Auseinandersetzungen entgegenbrachte. Hutten-Czapski schilderte die harten Depolonisierungsmaßnahmen der zarischen Verwaltung ungeschminkt und zeigte so das Konfliktpotenzial im Land östlich der Weichsel auf, das sich das Deutsche Reich zunutze machen konnte. Schlieffen zeigte sich derart beeindruckt, dass er Hutten-Czapski weitere Fragenkataloge zukommen ließ, um die Stimmung in Russisch-Polen evaluieren zu können.
EN
The paper presents selected issues in the area of Polish biographical lexicography from the genological perspective. The author proposes to distinguish a new type – obituary and commemorative lexicography. She states that no monographic work on biographical lexicography has been published within the Polish scholarly society. The existing publications are only in the form of thematic/problem and review articles. The second part of the paper contains a list of 379 Polish dictionaries; the bibliography covers the years 1832–2021. The data presented are considered statistically important. The bibliographic list includes various types/forms of dictionaries – strictly biographical dictionaries, lexicons, encyclopedias, dictionary-encyclopedias, encyclopedic guides, reference books (e.g. Who is who?), directories of people (e.g. The Book of Siberians), personal loss books, cemetery books, lists of people, alphabetical lists of people, lists of surnames, nicknames, registers of the dead, deported and others, indexes of people (e.g. of repressed people) and others, inventories (e.g. names of labor camps), etc. Formally, publications of this type meet the requirements of studies in the field of lexicography because: 1/ they constitute a linearly ordered set (by lexicographic order), and 2/ they are specific databases storing specific information.
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