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EN
The present article regards the specificity of the realization of the Polish theme in N. Leskov’s prose. This element of the Russian writer’s artistic world is represented in his writing of the 1860s-1880s. N. Leskov had a personal experience of Poland which he visited at the beginning of the 1860s. Most vividly Polish thematics is represented in the novel Nowhere (1864), as well as in the stories and articles of his last years: Russian Democrat in Poland (1880), Interesting Men (1885), etc.The realization of the Polish motif in N. Leskov’s prose is, on the one hand, traditional for Russian literature, depicting international phenomena and topos of different cultures as „other” which are seldom perceived as foreign and hostile. The individuality of N. Leskov is manifested in the fact that his version of depicting Poland and Polish is opposed to the official state imperial position according to which Poland was regarded as a permanent source of danger. This stereotype is destroyed in N. Leskov’s prose.
EN
Crime and Punishment focuses on the mental anguish and moral dilemmas of Rodion Raskolnikov, who strives to be an extraordinary being, believing that murder is permissible in pursuit of a highter purpose. The following paper focused on the analysis of work by the two types playwrights, based on Crime and Punishment.
EN
The paper considers the function of the lexicon with modal meaning (verbs and predicative words), which expresses various shades of the „situational” modality (possibility, obligation, volition) and develops the subjective modality. The study of A.P. Chekhov’s stories The Duel, Rothschild’s Violin, The Teacher of Literature, The House with an Attic, Anna on the Neck, The Lady with the Dog, Ionych, and the novelette A Boring Story has led to the conclusion that the differentiation between the objective and subjective modality is but arbitrary.
EN
The paper looks at a short-story by modern Indian writer Uday Prakash: unfolding at the onset of 1985, it describes a few hours from the life of a poor proof-reader who struggles for survival in Delhi’s Ber Sarai district. Apart from the obvious deliberate connection the author builds between his character and the famous hero of Solzhenitsin’s story, in Uday Prakash’s prose, one can discover other, more subtle literary bridges linking Hindi and Russian literature. Thus, some features of Uday Prakash’s characters point out at the similarities between the typical heroes of his prose and the so-called malenkij čelovek or “little man”—one of the keyconcepts originating from classical Russian literature.
PL
Artykuł traktuje o „habitusie daczy” w powieści Eleny Czyżowej Planeta grzybów. Jego nosicielami są bohaterowie, których osobowość ukształtowała się w określonym czasie pod wpływem kultury i działań związanych z sowiecką daczą.  „Habitus daczy” w utworze odnosi się do dwóch różnych okresów historycznych (sowieckiego i postsowieckiego) i jednocześnie do dwóch pokoleń. Jego warianty i modyfikacje służą Czyżowej do odzwierciedlenia najważniejszych problemów i przemian we współczesnej Rosji. Obraz sowieckiej daczy, będący metaforą życia w ZSRR, jest ponury i pesymistyczny, co nie jest typowe dla wspomnień z dzieciństwa i młodości. Z kolei postsowiecka dacza to zjawisko reprezentujące procesy gospodarcze i społeczne w okresie przejścia do kapitalizmu i odrzucenie spuścizny socjalizmu. Analiza powieści Planeta grzybów prowadzi do wniosku, że bohaterowie Czyżowej reprezentują różne formy przystosowania się do nowych warunków ekonomicznych i społecznych, ale przy życiu pozostaje tylko człowiek, który nie jest w stanie wydostać się z „sowieckości”.
RU
В статье рассматривается «дачный габитус» в романе Елены Чижовой Планета грибов. Его носителями являются герои, личность которых сформировалась в определенное время под влиянием культуры и действий, связанных с советской дачей. «Дачный габитус» относится в произведении к двум разным историческим периодам: советскому и постсоветскому. Его изменения используются Чижовой для отражения важнейших проблем и трансформаций в современной России. Образ советской дачи, будучи метафорой жизни в СССР, мрачен и пессимистичен, что не свойственно воспоминаниям о детстве и юношестве. В свою очередь постсоветская дача – это явление, представляющее экономические и социальные процессы перехода к капитализму и отказ от наследия социализма. Анализ романа Планета грибов приводит к выводу, что герои Чижовой представляют разные способы приспособления к новым экономическим и социальным условиям. Автор дает свой прогноз на будущее, оставляя в живых героя, не способоного выйти из «советскости».
EN
The article deals with the "habitus of dacha" in Elena Chizhova's novel The Mushroom Planet. Its bearers are characters whose personality was formed at a certain time under the influence of culture and actions associated with the Soviet dacha. "Habitus of dacha" in the work refers to two different historical periods: Soviet and post-Soviet. Its versions are used by Chizhova to reflect the most important problems and transformations in modern Russia. The image of the Soviet dacha, being a metaphor for life in the USSR, is gloomy and pessimistic, which is not typical of memories of childhood and youth. The post-Soviet dacha is a phenomenon that represents the economic and social processes of the transition to capitalism and the rejection of the legacy of socialism. An analysis of the novel The Mushroom Planet leads to the conclusion, that Chizhova's characters represent different ways of adapting to new economic and social conditions. The author gives her forecast for the future, leaving alive the character who is unable to get out of the "Sovietness".
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