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About the Word Arbuse as one of the First Russicisms in the Language of Russian Germans

100%

Jolanta M., Marek C., Rutkowska J.

Jazykovedný Casopis

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2014

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vol. 65

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issue 1

5-21

EN

The article presents the process of creation of German island dialects in Russia and in the USSR. Starting in the second half of the 18th century, people from various German regions, primarily farmers and artisans, migrated to Russia. The authorities most frequently settled them in so-called colonies, or in other words, compact country villages, which were typically separated widely from each other. Germans settled in very large numbers along the Volga, in southern Russia, Crimea, the Caucasus, as well as in the St. Petersburg region, Novgorod, Voronezh and Volyn. The arrivals from Germany brought with them a wide range of dialects and local varieties. Arriving in the colonies, they most commonly settled down based on their places of origin in Germany, but sometimes by religious denomination or even on the basis of friendships formed on the way to Russia. In this way, the residents of one colony might speak even dozens of substantially different dialects and local varieties. These native varieties of speech mixed together and created a common code, which nevertheless retained archaisms as a result of the lack of contact with the living German language. Despite the significant degree to which Germans were isolated from Russians, linguistic borrowings from Russian began to appear in their language early on, even during the long journey to the migrants’ new home. Primarily, lexis required for everyday life were borrowed. The authors of this article, in researching the Soviet variety of German in Russia, observed that the Russicism Arbuse appeared frequently in this variety, yet only rarely - as dictionary entries testify - in German used in Germany. Analysis revealed that Arbuse is one of the earliest and most widely spread Russicisms in the language of Germans from Russia. Likely it is through their particular code that the term made its way into German dictionaries.

2

Rusycyzmy w „Kurierze Wileńskim” (1925–1939)

88%

Joachimiak-Prażanowska J.

Acta Baltico-Slavica

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2010

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vol. 34

EN

Russicisms in „Kurier Wileński” (1925–1939)The article occurs to be the analysis of Russicisms excerpted from “Kurier Wileński”, a common known newspaper addressed to a wide group of Polish people residing in Vilnius. The daily newspaper was one of the longest revealing Polish papers at the Vilnius Region. It was also edited during the whole two decades of interwar. The gathered lexical phenomenon of the years 1925–1939 became confronted with the Polish and Russian resources of definition and translation dictionaries. As the comparative source one used also the etymological dictionaries and language guides.The author has noted 100 borrowings from Russian language. There were 36 lexemes in ethnic Polish language of the annexed territory period, 11 units (bojar, lejtenant, podniesienie, spotkać, tarakan, tuziemiec, uradnik, uriadnik, wojłok, wypisać, żulik) functioned in Polish used in the Northern Borderland in twenty-year interwar period, 31 words were registered in the afterwar Vilnian Polish language. In the 20s the editors of the examined paper introduced in inverted commas several Russicisms, indicating that they know their peculiarity. In the 30s in “Kurier Wileński” one found many more such units. The editors more and more often distanced themselves from the regional lexis, which may indicate the growth of their language conciousness resulting from the contacts with the Polish language with the centre, as well as, the local care of language clarity and correctness. One may deduct that, as the years went by, the language of “Kurier Wileński” editors was becoming, though very slowly, purified of regional borrowings. Русские заимствования в газете „Kurier Wileński” (1925–1939)В статье проведен анализ заимствований из русского языка, появившихся в газете „Kurier Wileński”, предназначенной широкому кругу читателей – поляков, проживающих в Вильнюсе. Эта газета отличалась самым длительным существованием среди других изданий прессы. Она издавалась почти весь двадцатилетний междувоенный период.Собранный лексический материал (1925–1939 годов) сопоставлен с польскими и русскими описательными словарями. Для сравнения использовались также этнологические словари и языковедческие справочники.Автор статьи выделил 100 заимствований из русского языка. Из них 36 лексем употреблялось в польском языке периода раздела на территории этнической Польши. 11 единиц (bojar, lejtnant, podniesienie, spotkać, tarakan, tuziemiec, uradnik, wojłok, wypisać, żulik) употреблялось в междувоенное двадцатилетие на северо-востоке страны (виленщина), 31 слов отмечено в послевоенном виленском польском языке. В тридцатые годы редакторы исследованной газеты несколько десятков русских заимствований записали в кавычках, чем подчеркивали, что они осознают характер данных слов. В сороковые годы в газете появилось еще больше таких единиц, а это обозначает, что редакторы избегали употпебления диалектной лексики, что, в свою очередь свилетельствует о повышении их языкового сознания, благодяря контактам с языком центра страны, а также о заботе о безупречности языка.Можно утверждать, что язык редакторов газеты „Kurier Wileński” медленно, но и постепенно очищался от местных нелитературных единиц.

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Jak by nie było, to gdzie nie spojrzeć, tak się mówi i pisze

63%

Markowski A.

Poradnik Językowy

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2023

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vol. 808

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issue 9

77-83

EN

This article is an attempt to make a prescriptive evaluation of phraseological units such as jak było, co by nie zrobić, kto by nie przyszedł, gdzie by nie spojrzeć, gdzie nie spojrzę, gdzie się nie ruszysz, etc. They have been present in the Polish language for at least 150 years, but are still evaluated negatively, as unnecessary Russicisms and illogical constructs. The discussions carried out in this text, supported by numerous examples from various types of Polish texts, lead to the conclusion that we are dealing with a phraseological model containing the components by nie as a constructional axis or nie, in sentences that are formally negated yet in fact containing the reinforcement of a judgment. The phraseologised units have demonstrated their functional usefulness and should be accepted in the usage norm of Polish.

PL

Artykuł jest próbą rewizji oceny poprawnościowej takich związków wyrazowych jak jak było, co by nie zrobić, kto by nie przyszedł, gdzie by nie spojrzeć, gdzie nie spojrzę, gdzie się nie ruszysz itp. Są one obecne w polszczyźnie od co najmniej 150 lat, ale wciąż są oceniane negatywnie, jako niepotrzebne rusycyzmy i konstrukcje nielogiczne. Przeprowadzone w tekście rozważania, poparte licznymi przykładami z różnych typów tekstów polszczyzny, prowadzą do wniosku, iż mamy do czynienia z modelem frazeologicznym, zawierającym składniki by nie jako oś konstrukcyjną lub nie, w zdaniach formalnie zaprzeczonych, a w rzeczywistości zawierających wzmocnienie sądu. Te związki sfrazeologizowane wykazały przydatność funkcjonalną i powinno się je zaakceptować w normie użytkowej polszczyzny.

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1 Acta Baltico-Slavica

1 Jazykovedný Casopis

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1 Joachimiak-Prażanowska J.

1 Jolanta M.

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1 Markowski A.

1 Rutkowska J.

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About the Word Arbuse as one of the First Russicisms in the Language of Russian Germans

Rusycyzmy w „Kurierze Wileńskim” (1925–1939)

Jak by nie było, to gdzie nie spojrzeć, tak się mówi i pisze