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EN
The purpose of the research conducted for the purposes of this article was to evaluate the actions taken by the Polish authorities to combat attempts of mass, undocumented migration across the Polish-Belarusian border in August-December 2021 in the context of using the provisions of national and international law, including the protection of foreigners international. In the research process, the method of source analysis was used, and in it the technique of analyzing the content of Polish and international legal acts related to migration issues. Based on the conducted research, it should be stated that the actions taken by Polish public authorities, including the use of legal possibilities, allowed in the analyzed period to effectively counteract potential security threats resulting from undocumented migration across the border with Belarus.
PL
Celem badań prowadzonych na potrzeby artykułu była ocena działań podjętych przez władze RP w celu zwalczania prób masowej, nieudokumentowanej migracji przez granicę polsko-białoruską w okresie sierpień-grudzień 2021 r. w kontekście wykorzystania zapisów prawa krajowego oraz międzynarodowego, w tym w zakresie udzielania cudzoziemcom ochrony międzynarodowej. W procesie badawczym wykorzystano metodę analizy źródeł, a w niej technikę analizy treści aktów prawa polskiego oraz międzynarodowego związanych z problematyką migracyjną. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań należy stwierdzić, że działania podejmowane przez organy władzy publicznej RP, w tym wykorzystanie możliwości prawnych, pozwoliły w analizowanym okresie skutecznie przeciwdziałać potencjalnym zagrożeniom bezpieczeństwa wynikającym z nieudokumentowanej migracji przez granicę z Białorusią.
PL
Artykuł jest poświęcony analizie wpływu propagandy rosyjskiej na relacje państw członkowskich Unii Europejskiej z sąsiadami na Wschodzie na przykładzie Polski i Ukrainy. Przeprowadzona analiza dotyczy problemu, który może być zdefiniowany w formie zapytania: w jaki sposób może mieć wpływ propaganda na wewnętrzne oraz zewnętrzno-polityczne procesy państw. Wielodyscyplinarne podejście do poznania wpływu propagandy politycznej pozwolił zwrócić się do następujących metod: systemowa, instytucjonalna, strukturalno-funkcjonalna, analiza treści oraz deskryptywna. Artykuł wyznacza pojęcia oraz podstawowe charakterystyki pojęcia propagandy w kontekście politycznym. Szczegółową uwagę przydzielono ujawnieniu przyczyn powodzenia wykorzystania propagandy przez Rosję w celu eskalacji konfliktu na terenie Ukrainy oraz podane są przykłady. Na podstawie analizy artykułów w prorosyjskich publikacjach Polski i Ukrainy, autorka podaje podstawowe narracje propagandy rosyjskiej oraz wyznacza właściwości jej nacisku na międzypaństwowe relacje między Ukrainą a Polską. Wyciąga wnioski o konieczności mocnego międzynarodowego stawiania oporu propagandzie rosyjskiej oraz wyznaczenia wad systemu przeciwdziałania rosyjskiej agresji informacyjnej ogólnie i propagandzie w szczególności.
EN
The article is devoted to the analysis of the influence of Russian propaganda on relations between the European Union member states and its eastern neighbors in the case of Poland and Ukraine. The analysis is related to an issue that can be formulated as the following research question: how exactly does propaganda affect domestic and foreign policy processes in countries? A multidisciplinary approach to the study of the impact of political propaganda enabled the use of such methods as: systemic, institutional, structural-functional, content analysis, and descriptive. The article gives definition and main characteristics of the concept of propaganda in political context. Special attention is paid to reasons for the successful use of propaganda by Russia in fanning the conflict in Ukraine, which is presented in the article. The complex of means and methods used in Russia’s information policy to influence Western countries is denoted. The author presents the main narratives of Russian propaganda, and identifies the features of its pressure on interstate relations between Ukraine and Poland by analysing articles in pro-Russian periodicals of Poland and Ukraine. Conclusions are drawn on the need for strong international resistance to Russian propaganda, and to define the shortcomings of the system for countering Russian information aggression in general and propaganda in particular.
EN
Supporting materials on Polish history for graduates have been examined from the statistic side. Counting was not the individual parts of speech, but the word-forming bases of autosemantic words. In the material studied, relatively high frequency of concepts connected with the phenomenon of war was observed. Common concepts are war, fighting, army. On the other hand, related to the notion of war, rare words form long lists in the layer of hapax legomena. It allows to interpret some historical narrations intended for high school students as focused on the phenomenon of war. Kazimierz Sarnecki, the courtier of the Lithuanian magnate, Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł, prepared for his master written reports from the court of Jan III Sobieski, at which he stayed between 1691 and 1696, with a few interruptions. They consist of a systematically kept diary and longer epistolary relations. Sarnecki writes in them about the matters that interested his patron (the king’s health, court life, government appointments, war affairs), he rarely mentions himself. The subject of my interest is the way in which Sarnecki recounts Sobieski’s Moldovan expedition of 1691 (in which he participated himself), the subsequent Polish-Tatar struggles in Podolia, battles on the other fronts of the Holy League, and the Nine Years’ War (these events he knows only vicariously). He describes the Moldovan expedition completely. Just as authors of the official war diaries, he lists the stages of the march, the grouping of troops, in the reports of battles you can see the professionalism. He informs very vaguely about the killed, accentuates only losses, incurred by the forces from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He emphasizes active participation of Lithuanian troops in the fighting. He does not hide the difficulties with supplies, although he does not shift the blame on Sobieski. He will also repeat — as other authors of the war memories did — a rumour about a miraculous event during the campaign. He limits relations about nature to its impact on warfare; similarly he looks at the buildings he passes through the prism of their military utility. War reports from later times (1692–1696) are different. The civil matters dominate, while the battles with the Tatars or battles in Western Europe Sarnecki mentions irregularly and perfunctorily
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