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1

“UNRELIABLE ELEMENTS”. PROFESSIONAL SOLDIERS OF JEWISH ORIGIN IN THE SLOVAK ARMY AFTER 1939

100%
Baka I., Janecová T.
Vojenská história
|
2023
|
vol. 27
|
issue 1
33 - 60
EN
The topic of persecution and discrimination of Jews in the army in Slovakia has already been the focus of several papers. Most of the attention was paid to the VI Labour Battalion of the Labour Corps of the Ministry of National Defence (MNO). However, some of the aspects of this topic have not received the historians’ interest to this day. Nor has more attention been paid to the status of persons who, even after 1939, served in the army on the basis of an exception as professional soldiers or worked as civilian employees in the MNO and were directly or indirectly exposed to the consequences of the anti-Jewish legal norms. This did not only concern the Jews themselves (only one of whom eventually served in the army on the basis of an exception), but also the category of so-called Jewish mongrels and, last but not least, the “Aryans” themselves, whose wives, however, were of Jewish origin. In the study, the authors focus on the first two categories of persons. They are not aiming merely at descriptive interpretation of the legislative and legal norms permitting the exclusion of Jews from the army. They would also like to document their reactions, which represented a desperate effort to keep their place in the army. Those represented (from their authors’ point of view) an extremely humiliating and desperate effort in every respect to conform to the demands of the regime derived from the official anti-Jewish stereotypes of the propaganda of the Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party. The latter regarded the Jews as a hostile element. The text pays special attention to the personality of František M. Borský, whose fate in the Slovak Army has not yet been further examined.
2

ŘEKA NITRA – TRAGÉDIE 15. ČERVENCE 1939 A JEJÍ DŮSLEDKY

100%
Pejs O.
Vojenská história
|
2023
|
vol. 27
|
issue 1
98 - 118
EN
During the training in July 1939, 10 Slovak soldiers drowned on the Nitra River. The following month an all-army swimming and rescue course was held for several dozen selected future instructors and non-swimmers. However, it was not possible to initiate a regular swimming training in the Slovak Army for the soldiers to acquire swimming abilities due to a lack of trained physical education officers in military formations, as well as a lack of material base in the form of swimming pools in military garrisons. Swimming and bathing often took place in the open air on watercourses and lakes. These activities were accompanied by insubordination of the soldiers, which increased the risk of accidents and drowning. Orders to prevent them were in many cases carried out only formally. Throughout its existence, the Slovak Army failed to enforce systematic swimming skills training in its own ranks.
3

ZROD SLOVENSKÉ ARMÁDY A STÁTNÍ OBČANSTVÍ

100%
Pejs O.
Vojenská história
|
2020
|
vol. 24
|
issue 3
71 - 94
EN
Following the declaration of state independence of Slovakia in March 1939, in the eyes of the emerging new state and political power, a number of the former Czechoslovak citizens became Slovak citizens overnight. The author documents how the question of citizenship was treated complexly in the military environment, which was struggling with lack of military staff, mainly at the command level. In the Slovak Army, there were Slovak citizens as well as foreigners serving, often unaware of their new citizenship, but also other soldiers whose citizenship could not be determined with certainty, since the current dominant position of the principle of home affiliation was no longer respected and the national aspect started to be considered, which was dominant towards the members of Czech nationality. The discriminatory measures were then clearly aimed against the Jewish ethnic group, even though most of them had become Slovak citizens.
4

K PROJEVŮM POSLOVENŠŤOVÁNÍ VE SLOVENSKÉ ARMÁDĚ (1939 – 1940)

100%
Pejs O.
Vojenská história
|
2022
|
vol. 26
|
issue 1
36 - 55
EN
The Slovak Army originated in March 1939 from the organisational bases of the Czechoslovak Army units dislocated in the Slovak territory. The army had to go through a process of “Slovakization” in order to fulfil the characteristics of a new army, independent of its predecessor. They were searching for their own military tradition, military regulations, and ranks, commands, adapting their external and internal signs to the new order. The army had to deal with the legionary past of their members, which was also related to the Slovakization of the legacy of M. R. Štefánik, a general in French uniform and co-creator of the modern Czechoslovak state. The residua of their predecessor persisted for a long time, for never quite succeeding in making a striking discontinuity with the preceding military period, either in the staffing of the officer or sergeant corps, or in the material equipment or dislocation of their units. Some of the signs or manifestations of the “olden” times remained, only getting a new shade.
5

ŽIDÉ A SLOVENSKÁ ARMÁDA V PRVNÍM ROCE PO JEJÍM VZNIKU

100%
Pejs O.
Vojenská história
|
2020
|
vol. 24
|
issue 1
88 - 109
EN
Since the times of autonomy in the fall of 1938, the Slovak society underwent transformations of the democratic atmosphere towards authoritarian government. One of their goals was to exclude the Jewish population from the political, economic and cultural life by gradual escalation of the discriminative measures. Following the independence of Slovakia in March 1939, a number of legal regulations were adopted, aimed at absolute isolation of the Jewish ethnicity. The author presents, how the anti-Jewish rhetoric reflected in the military environment. Slovak Army as the power institution adapted to the requirements for the radical solution to the “Jewish question” and identified the Jews as the disruptive force and undesirable element for which there is no place in the Army. Since July 1939, they proceeded to creation of the first working units composed of the soldiers of Jewish nationality in active service. Isolation of the Jewish soldiers was markedly enforced during the war campaign on Poland in late summer of 1939, when a large number of reservists were recruited. The Ministry of Interior intended to place all the Jewish men capable of work in the work camps, whereas the Slovak Army was supposed to prepare the command and guard staff for this purpose. The intention of the Ministry of Interior was not successfully implemented. The new Military Service Act of January 1940 excluded Jews from the Slovak military forces and subjected them to work duty.
6

MOTORIZÁCIA JEDNOTIEK ARMÁDNEHO VELITEĽSTVA V LETE 1944

100%
Uhrin M.
Vojenská história
|
2023
|
vol. 27
|
issue 4
7 - 33
EN
The image of the Slovak Army in 1939-1945 is usually associated with insufficient motorisation. However, not enough attention has been paid to this issue so far. The Army Headquarters and its activities in 1944 is a convenient subject for a probe into the motorisation of the Slovak Army. That year, both the material struggles and the modernization efforts of the Army, deepened by the formation of field units of the Army Headquarters for defending the borders against the advancing front, were fully manifested. Another level in the processing of this issue is the fact that the Army Headquarters units were envisaged in both conceptions of armed conduct against Nazi Germany.
7

NEMECKÉ 10,5-CM POĽNÉ HÚFNICE VZ.18 (LEFH-18) V SLOVENSKEJ A 1. ČS. ARMÁDE NA SLOVENSKU

88%
Uhrin M.
Vojenská história
|
2018
|
vol. 22
|
issue 2
70 - 87
EN
The weaponry and equipment of the Slovak or rebel army belongs to relatively lesser known or even unexplored areas of our military history. It is a matter of general knowledge that the Slovak Army possessed the cannons of the German origin, which were supposed to gradually replace the material of Czechoslovak origin. However, the use of this material is less known or marked by an insufficient archival research. In my study, I deal with more detailed processing of the issue of delivery of the German Howitzers of the 18 (leFH-18) Model for the Slovak Army in 1942 to 1944. The use of the 18 Model Howitzers including their use in the training and in combat had brought a relatively significant progress even in spite having its limits. The issue applies to both the Slovak Army and the uprising the 1st CS Army.
8

25 ROKOV OZBROJENÝCH SÍL SLOVENSKEJ REPUBLIKY

88%
Purdek I.
Vojenská história
|
2018
|
vol. 22
|
issue 2
114 - 144
EN
The study analyses the 25 years of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic. Its main content is the analysis of the international and internal political conditions of the origin of the Slovak Republic and subsequent creation of the institutional legal and legislative conditions of the state defence. At the same time, the author deals with the creation of the Slovak Army and its gradual transformation into the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic. He also addresses the process of integration of the Slovak Republic into NATO and construction of the armed forces as a complex transformation and reformation process. The involvement of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic in the international crisis management is no less important.
9

STÁŽ ABSOLVENTOV ODDELENIA „B“ INTENDANCIE VYSOKEJ VOJENNEJ ŠKOLY V NEMECKU A NA VÝCHODNOM FRONTE V LETE 1942

88%
Kozolka J.
Vojenská história
|
2021
|
vol. 25
|
issue 4
119 - 139
EN
The published material provides information about the almost five-month internship of the graduates of the 1st course of the „B“ Department of the commissary officers of the Military College (MC) in Bratislava in the summer of 1942, in particular Infantry Capt. Štefan Žiška, Infantry Capt. Jozef Zajaček and Infantry Capt. Jozef Dvornák in Germany, at military commissary schools, at commissary units and the German Army facilities and commissary bodies of the German Field Army on the Eastern Front in the summer of 1942. They completed their internship at the Military Commissary College in Munich and at the Academy for Higher Commissary Service in Berlin, becoming familiar with the activities of the various commissary units and offices of the German Army, as well as with the organisation of the German commissary. Subsequently, they were sent to the divisional commissary and to the commissary of the army headquarters in the field on the eastern front. The reason for completing part of the internship at military schools in Germany was to acquaint Slovak officers with the organisation and activities of the German commissary, its education and training. By completing another part of the internship at the commissary of higher headquarters in the field, they gained important experience regarding the activities of the German commissary in the field. After completing their internships, the Slovak officers were entrusted with high-level commissary positions and at the same time were teaching at the MC as professors.
10

TECHNICKÝ ZBOR A JEHO PÔSOBENIE NA BOJISKÁCH DRUHEJ SVETOVEJ VOJNY

88%
Balcová M.
Vojenská história
|
2016
|
vol. 20
|
issue 4
52 - 75
EN
The published study is dealing with the issue of organization and activity of the Technical Corps units in 1944 to 1945. In terms of content, the study is a follow up to the author’s previously published contributions on the issue. The author focuses in detail on the creation of the organizational structure of the Technical Corps in autumn 1944. The Technical Corps was originating on the ruins of the Slovak Army Work Force. Along with decomposition of the Slovak Army as a whole, its work battalions were practically vanishing as well. This was contributed mostly by the creation of pioneer construction companies where the prevailing part of the squad and command consisted of the members of the Work Force from the battalions in Pezinok, Podolínec and Trnava.
11

SOCIÁLNÍ ZÁZEMÍ GÁŽISTŮ SLOVENSKÉ ARMÁDY (1939 – 1940)

88%
Pejs O.
Vojenská história
|
2023
|
vol. 27
|
issue 3
75 - 98
EN
Material provision of professional officers and warrant officers was one of the important elements of their on-duty and off-duty life. Service benefits were graded according to military rank, status group, and degree of military and civilian education. They were intended for providing decent housing, procuring the basic life necessities and food, spending a pleasant leave to recuperate, and last but not least, claiming various types of service uniforms. The basis for the payment of service benefits can be found in the practice of the former Czechoslovak Army, where the conditions of entitlement to service salary and other additional allowances were contained in the Czechoslovak service regulation Sm 100 and instead of Czechoslovak crowns, Slovak crowns were quoted at a ratio of 1:1. On the example of individual life situations, the author illustrates how the military administration was able to take care of professional officers and warrant officers, how it financially secured their social status and family background in 1939/1940.
12

NIE SÚ MI ZNÁME DÔVODY, PREČO NEMÔŽEM SLÚŽIŤ V ČS. ARMÁDE. VÝPOVEDE PLK. GŠT. ALOJZA BALLAYA PODANÉ NA VYŽIADANIE ORGÁNOV ČS. ARMÁDY Z ROKU 1946 K SLUŽBE V SLOVENSKEJ ARMÁDE 1939 – 1945 (3. ČASŤ)

88%
Šumichrast P.
Vojenská história
|
2018
|
vol. 22
|
issue 2
88 - 113
EN
Military service of the Slovak Army members in 1939-1945, in particular their active cooperation with the representatives of the German military missions in Slovakia as well as the participation in the battles against USSR along with Germany, continues to belong to the interesting chapters of the Slovak military history. One of the outstanding personalities of the Slovak military history is General Staff Colonel, Alojz Ballay, who held important command and staff functions in 1939-1944. He left his personal trail particular in the Slovak aviation, the members of which participated successfully in several operations on the Soviet-German frontline. In 1942-1943, he held the function of the Chief of Command of the Aerial Weapons and following the departure of General Staff Colonel Š. Jurech to the Eastern frontline, also the substitute Commander of the Aerial Weapons. With effect from 1 January 1944, he was appointed the Commander of Aerial Weapons by the President of the Slovak Republic and remained in this position until the time shortly before declaration of the Slovak National Uprising, when he was appointed the military attaché at the Slovak Embassy in Berlin, as a replacement for the II. Class General A. Malár. His accounts of the work in the command and staff functions in 1939-1944, as well as the historical events he participated in or witnessed, are summed up in his statements from 1946, he submitted on the CS Army request.
13

DŮSTOJNÍCI A ROTMISTŘI SLOVENSKÉ ARMÁDY POD DROBNOHLEDEM (1939–1940)

88%
Pejs O.
Vojenská história
|
2022
|
vol. 26
|
issue 3
31 - 58
EN
After its formation, the Slovak Army went through turbulent changes and suffered from a critical shortage of officers and warrant officers, i.e. educators of Slovak soldiers. The officer and warrant officer ranks were supplemented from the civilian environment, which was not always sympathetic to the idea of an independent Slovak state. Officers and sergeants, not to mention the general duty men themselves, were thus prone to listen to propaganda that was not favourable to the ruling political regime. The army elite dealt with it by bans, appeals to national feeling and military (state) honour. Officers and warrant officers were the bearers of military duties, i.e. the duties of military service and status, such as obedience, loyalty, vigilance, bravery, discipline, and the preservation of military honour. Failure to perform military duties took various forms, including undignified behaviour affecting the military (state) honour itself. Disciplinary proceedings with the participation of disciplinary committees at the level of higher headquarters (divisions), or the main military headquarters and the Ministry of National Defence were used to deal with disciplinary offences of officers and warrant officers. Officers and sergeants needed the approval of the military administration to marry under strictly fixed conditions. It was typical for the Slovak Army that it was forbidden to marry foreign citizens (especially those from Czech lands). The author documents how the conditions were circumvented under the influence of various intercessions, interventions and service and family ties.
14

SAMOPALY SLOVENSKEJ A POVSTALECKEJ ARMÁDY (1939 – 1945)

75%
Uhrin M.
Vojenská história
|
2018
|
vol. 22
|
issue 1
56 - 81
EN
The author deals with the machine gun armament during the World War 2. He states that the machine gun has become one of the symbols of the World War 2. Thanks to photographs and movies, the general public became aware of a German soldier with the MP-40 machine gun or a Soviet one holding a PPŠ-41. The Slovak or uprising soldier is linked more to a rifle or some kind of legend. Since 1940, the Slovak Army had been planning to introduce machine guns into its armament. This was based on the German influence and based on the first front-line experiences of the Army. The plan fulfilment started in 1942 when the ZK-383 machine guns from the Brno Munition Factory were ordered, introduced to the Slovak Army as the machine pistol ZB vz.42. Their supplies could not achieve the demanded volume by far. The Army was solving the issue by using the captured Soviet arms and smaller amounts of German machine guns. The effort to introduce machine guns in the army on a larger scale had led to ordering the German MP-41 machine guns. However, these guns were never included in the Army's equipment. The supplies got delayed, postponed and finally cancelled. In 1943, the German MP-40 machine guns were delivered to the Army. The standard German military power machine gun was supplied in several batches with the largest amount delivered as a part of the Eiche armament program. These were introduced to the army as the Sch vz.41 machine gun. Altogether, more than two thousands of these machine guns were supplied, making up the most typical gun in the Slovak Army of this category. The author states that even this number of supplied machine guns was not sufficient. However, the additional supplies involved the third type, which were the Italian Beretta Modello 1938A and 1938/42 machine guns. The Slovak Army did not manage to officially introduce these machine guns into its armament. However, they played their role in the Slovak National Uprising in particular. The rebellious 1st CS Army in Slovakia inherited the material of the Slovak Army. The number of machine guns was also insufficient, however, thanks to the air deliveries of arms from the Allies, the problem was managed to be solved at least partially. The Soviet Union and the USA supplied the rebels with more than two thousand machine guns. Therefore, the rebellious army had more machine guns available from the Allies than from the Slovak Army. The PPŠ-41 machine gun has thus become one of the symbols of the partisan soldier.
15

JEŠTĚ K PŮSOBENÍ FERDINANDA ČATLOŠE V ZÁŘIJOVÉ MOBILIZACI 1938

75%
Chytka S.
Vojenská história
|
2017
|
vol. 21
|
issue 3
78 - 82
EN
In the contribution, the author deals with the question of functional assignment of General Staff Colonel Ferdinand Čatloš in the period of increased threat to the Republic and during the September mobilization in 1938. This issue was as yet unresolved or interpreted in a different way, practically since the first publication about his personality, in particular in the work of Václav Štefanský in 1998. Absence of the papers on the activity of the 2nd Army and their subordinate units – 8th Division Florian and the Border Area 37 as well as the mobilization-based (“double”) 8th Division Mánes, also lead the authors in the case of Ferdinand Čatloš to deal with partial data or (largely) with fragmental memories of F. Čatloš himself. Gradually, two different claims were published in principle. According to the first one, General Staff Colonel Čatloš was the Chief of Staff of the 8th Division Florian (HO-37) in the primary deployment and according to the second, he held the same function in the secondary Staff, 8th Division Mánes, composed for the mobilisation. Čatloš himself did not contribute to clarification of this contradiction, since in his memoirs, which are otherwise incredibly extensive, he only provides vague data on this subject.
16

SLOVENSKÁ ARMÁDA A PROTIŽIDOVSKÉ POGROMY NA OKUPOVANOM ÚZEMÍ ZSSR V LETE 1941

75%
Baka I.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
|
2017
|
vol. 65
|
issue 4
689 – 708
EN
The study analyses the reactions of members of the Slovak army stationed on the Eastern Front to the emerging genocide against the Jewish population in the conditions of Nazi occupation during the first weeks of the war. On the basis of the available sources, the author states that under the influence of the propaganda, which accused the Jews of supporting the Bolshevik regime, intense anti-Semitic feelings also resounded among the Slovak soldiers at the front. Many soldiers, including the highest representatives of the army, openly approved of violence against the Jews as an act of just revenge, even when it acquired the character of genocide. In some cases, there was voluntary participation by soldiers in anti-Jewish pogroms carried out by the local population. The author also analyses the official attitude of the leadership of the army to violence against Jews, and describes it as ambivalent. The author also considers the reaction of the Ľudák representatives in Slovakia, who increased their anti-Jewish rhetoric and radicalized their anti-Jewish measures including preparations to deport the Jews to the Nazi extermination camps, in spite of the fact that they knew that genocide was beginning.
17

„DLOUHÉ“ 20. STOLETÍ PLK. KARLA KUBÍČKA

63%
Plachý J.
Vojenská história
|
2019
|
vol. 23
|
issue 4
29 – 52
EN
In the form of biographical probe, the study follows the stories of an individual, the Czech officer Karel Kubíček (1896–1964) against the backdrop of historical events of the “turbulent” 20th century. As a passionate patriot, he returned from the World War 1 as the officer of CS Legions in Russia, serving as a professional soldier in the CS Army for two interwar decades. However, for personal reasons, he remained in its armed forces even after the formation of the Slovak State. He participated in the fights against Hungary, Poland and the campaign to USSR. In 1944, as the regiment commander in Italy, he switched to the Allies and joined the CS foreign resistance. Although being of pro-Czechoslovak and anti-Fascist mind-set, even participating in the rescue of Jewish citizens, during his service in Belarus, he was forced to act against his conviction and take responsibility for the repressions against the captured Soviet Partisans. In February 1948, he attempted for coexistence first with the new regime, however, as soon as in spring 1950, he was released from the Army. Afterwards, the Communist regime used his war activity in the mid 1950’s in preparing a new surge of cleaning in the Army. In the process, not managed fully correctly, he was then sentenced for “war crimes” to nine years of prison, to be released in 1957.
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