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1

The theory of rational decisions and social sciences

100%
Meszaros J.
Tarsadalomkutatas (Social Science Research)
|
2004
|
vol. 22
|
issue 4
427-451
EN
In social sciences action theories and the definitions of actions play a central role. Largely simplifying in the later discussion, it is only important to us that the application area of the theory of rational choice is a subset of instrumentally rational action. In our opinion the theory of rational choice is only applicable to the other types of action in an unnatural way and with very strong transpositions. Although we can state that this filed of application is a very narrow segment of human action, the current scientific explanations mainly concern this narrow segment (at least according to most followers of the theory). We would like to underline that the most important property of this theory is that it enables the use of mathematical methods and this way the micro-level foundation of certain social sciences. It is enough to refer here to the triumphal march of economics or the very successful - but largely criticised - application of the theory in sociology.
2

Peter Winch a idea socialni vedy

80%
Dvorak T.
Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)
|
2007
|
vol. 16/29
|
issue 3-4
157-168
EN
Firstly, this article outlines the main points made by Peter Winch in his breakthrough book The Idea of a Social Science. Its Fundamentals thesis, inspired by Wittgenstein and his accounts on the relation between language and reality, is the assumption that social sciences engage in philosophical endeavor, because the problems they deal with are not empirical, but conceptual. Following Wittgensteinian line of thought he comes up with the idea that all social action can be explained as rule following and therefore it should be approached by conceptual means other than those used by natural sciences. Secondly, this article explores the impact that The Idea of a Social Science had on the discussion about the nature of social sciences. It outlines it's main critiques which deal with (1) Winch's conception of philosophy (2) the notion of rule following and (3) descriptive nature of Winch's approach. Finally, Winch's critique of positivism in social sciences is identified as his main and lasting contribution to social thought.
3
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The Role of Values in Human Life

61%
Tondl L.
Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)
|
2007
|
vol. 16/29
|
issue 1
129-150
EN
The paper analyzes the function of values, systems of values or of the 'teleological world' and their impacts on the life of man and society. This function is connected with the structure of social action, its goal orientation together with its rationality. The action is based on decision-making procedures. The decision-making represents a choice between alternatives, which is based on their evaluation, assessment other proceeding from values, criteria or criterial functions. The role of values is bound to evoke value-related attitudes connected with the selection, preferences or comparisons. It is not possible without integrating values and knowledge.
4

SENSE AND FREEDOM (Smysl i svoboda)

61%
Popovich M.
Філософська Думка
|
2009
|
issue 4
5-11
EN
The article investigates the determination of human action by cognitive normative structures grounded in culture. Descriptive and normative approaches to the definition of culture are compared. The author proposes to apply the notion of ideal element, developed in logics and semantics, to the analysis of social action. Ideal elements do not have any immediate correlates in empirical reality. They contain loose assumptions and idealizations that contribute to the development of language and theory. Among the ideal elements of the heritage of the European civilization, the author distinguishes the idea of the person or 'legal personality', which also includes the concepts of the agent and the bearer of free citizenship. The article investigates ancient roots of this idea related to the notion of persona. A tension in Roman culture is stated between the personalist paradigm of the 'soul-image-name' and its background in archaic moral and legal beliefs.
5
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Z roku 1968 do roku 1951: Jak Habermas proměnil Marxe v Parsonse

61%
Holmwood J.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
|
2008
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vol. 44
|
issue 5
923-943
EN
This paper addresses Habermas's critique of the sociological theory of Talcott Parsons. It treats Habermas as exemplary for a form of critique that sought to utilise Marxian themes in order to overcome what have been widely seen as Parsons' problems in handling issues of conflict and social change. The paper argues that these problems derive from the characteristics of general theory conducted within an action frame of reference. The ambition for this type of theory is something that Habermas shares with Parsons and the paper demonstrates how the elaboration of his own theory comes to converge with that of Parsons and reproduces its problematic features. In conclusion, it is suggested that these problems can only be overcome by rejecting general theory as a mode of sociological theorising.
6

Invariantnist’ suspil’noho rozvytku: metodolohichni implikatsii

51%
Pogosyan V.
Sotsiolohiia: teoriia, metody, marketyng (Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing)
|
2011
|
issue 1
23-37
EN
Methodological implications within the framework of sociological theory about determinancy of socio-historical process allow the author to state the thesis about invariancy of the vector of society development. The hypothesis is based on a statement of stability of socio-cultural component during the periods of social changes, which is verified by historical experience of concrete societies. Generalizing results of own research with a postulate of structure of social action, concepts of autopoietic systems, trans-historical structures and institutional matrices the author makes a conclusion about limitation of possibilities of social creativity and amplitude of alternatives of societal development. In the context of transfomation processes on the post-Soviet territory the assumption is expressed of impossibility of construction in local conditions the Western type liberal societies and market-based economies, as those inappropriate to logic of immanent development.
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