Search results - CEJSH

1

BETWEEN REVOLUTION AND WAR IN THE REGION OF LOMZA. SOCIO-CULTURAL AND POLITICAL ACTIVITY AT THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

100%

Dajnowicz M.

Dzieje Najnowsze

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2004

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issue 4

15-28

EN

Socio-cultural and political life in the region of Lomza of the Kingdom of Poland was dominated by the local intelligentsia, to a considerable extent composed of landowners. The 1905 Revolution produced enormous changes. Primacy in public life was retained by nationalist circles. Numerous societies and organisations were established after 1907, and the Polish School Union could boast of considerable accomplishments. Culture and education involved also the Society of Polish Culture preceded, primarily in the countryside, by Peasant Education Circles and the National Education Society. Large-scale educational work was performed by the weekly 'Zaranie' and the Staszic Agricultural Circles. A significant part in socioeconomic life was played by the local centres and circles of the Agricultural Society. The local societies co-operated with Landowning Ladies Circles.Considerable significance as regards the socio-educational endeavours should be ascribed to the Catholic Union and local parishes. Pro-independence ideology was developed by the Fire Brigades; the 'Sokol' Gymnastic Society acted as a paramilitary organisation. Despite the failure of the Revolution, the prevailing mood did not abate.The pride of place assigned to national slogans testifies the distinctness of the 'gubernia' (province) of Lomza compared to the remaining regions of the Kingdom and Empire.

2

THE ROLE OF THE INTERNET IN THE BUILDING PROCESS OF A CIVIL SOCIETY (Rola internetu w budowaniu spoleczenstwa obywatelskiego)

100%

Gryczka M.

Management and Business Administration. Central Europe

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2012

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vol. 20

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issue 2(115)

107-122

EN

1. Purpose The purpose of the article is reviewing and assessing the role of the Internet as a medium for digital information exchange, also enabling individuals to publish their own content and to express private opinions in a public domain. 2. Methodology The research approach and methodology are based on the assumption that the popular tendency to assure universal access to the Internet should also be accompanied by diversified activities for propagating a practical utilization of the Internet (among others, for valuable ideas, innovation and knowledge dissemination). 3. Research limitations/implications Based on completed survey results and a comparative analysis of selected data one can conclude that contemporary communication media influence various aspects of public life more and more vividly, including the building process of a civil society. Despite the tiny respondent group, which should be considered as a research limitation, the survey results demonstrate that growing web accessibility and digital competencies can and should lead to the quality improvement of public debate (although the television seems to remain the main political and social medium in Poland so far). Moreover, a complete and conscious participation in the modern socio-cultural life will be more and more complicated without developed digital capabilities, so the prevention of technological exclusion is crucial for the society as a whole. 4. Originality/value The value of the article stems from emphasizing the importance of the development of digital capabilities and competencies in the building process of a civil society. It seems that this vital objective should be accomplished by large-scale educational activities initiated by diverse actors like family, different educational institutions and public sector organizations.

3

“Consensual Dictatorship” (Zustimmungsdiktatur) And “Community Of The People” (Volksgemeinschaft). Some Reflections On The Interaction Between Nazi State And German Society In The Persecution Of The Jews After 1933

80%

Bajohr F.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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2010

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issue 2(14)

521-526

EN

The persecution of the Jews in Nazi Germany after 1933 cannot solely be explained as a political process implemented by the state and the Nazi Party. The exclusion and isolation of Jews in particular was also part of a social process, characterized by a close interaction between the Nazi dictatorship and German society: A process into which the German population was involved actively. Therefore it is not enough to analyze the attitudes of the German population toward the ongoing persecution; the participation of non -Jewish Germans in this process involved actions as well. My following remarks focus on this interaction and the main factors responsible for it.

4

BIALYSTOK - THE FIRST YEAR (AUGUST 1944-1945)

80%

Bockowski D.

Dzieje Najnowsze

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2005

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issue 4

93-109

EN

The image of the first 'post-liberation' year in the life of the town depended to a great extent on the person describing its reality. On the one hand, there were the activists of the Polish Workers' Party and the Polish Committee for National Liberation (PKWN), involved in 'consolidating people's rule'; on the other hand, Home Army soldiers and representatives of the Polish authorities in London trying to fulfil their tasks were punished by deportation to the Soviet Union. During the first months of Soviet military occupation Bialystok was a town of two worlds, one of which, long awaited, was departing together with the hundreds of detained soldiers of the Polish Underground State, while the other, imposed at bayonet point, was spreading in the manner of a noxious weed, systematically depriving the population of all illusions. The yearning for freedom after years of Soviet and German occupation was the reason for attempts, made at all cost, at finding bearings in the new reality, and for succumbing to the new order in the hope of establishing some sort of a golden mean. It soon became apparent that each path proposed by the communists led to new subjugation. In addition, Bialystok experienced national problems; its liberation was perceived quite differently by three section of its population - the Belorussians, the Jewish survivors of the Holocaust, and those Poles who had remained in the town.

5

Rola projektanta w kształtowaniu społecznych i środowiskowych determinant jakości

80%

Rynska E. D.

Zarządzanie Publiczne

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2010

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issue 3 (11)

171-180

EN

In the 80-ties, the issue of creating accessible education strategy was widely analyzed. The aim was to allow society to become more aware of the sustainable development. It was established, that: '(...) there exists a need for a better understanding of the resources on which human life is dependable. If we would like the people to change their way of thinking and accept the need to give a higher priority to the environmental issues, we have to start the education at a school level'. Sustainable development is part of every single sphere of our everyday life. The same can be said for skyscrapers or electric energy. These issues are part of designer's professional workshop. Hence - introduced at the design level, will also accepted as a standard. This means that the effects of designer's works can be used as one of the medias implementing environmental policies. Promotion of a scope of knowledge concerning preservation of natural resources means that both small local groups and whole societies have to accept uniform values. This aim can be reached through reorientation of the formal education system and mutual aims

6

SLOVENSKÉ DIVADLO V PROSTREDÍ SPOLOČNOSTI – OD 80. ROKOV 20. STOROČIA PO DNEŠOK

80%

Podmaková D.

Slovenské divadlo (Slovak Theatre)

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2011

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vol. 59

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issue 3

208 – 2017

EN

The paper provides a brief overview of the role of the theatre, its artistic and social functions during the indicated time period. It characterises the relationship between society and a theatre and against, and also the financial issues underlying this bond and the status of the theatre professionals. Through changed socio-political conditions after 1989, new opportunities have opened up to creative professionals who, at the same time, have lost their theme of a tacit revolt against the system and the metaphor as the major tool for naming “no-freedom“, shut-down state borders and for the non-existence of personal prospects. On the one hand, the open European space allows for exposure to new cultures, on the other hand, however, it is conducive to the unification of (self)-themes, of the role of an individual in the family and in society, to the grey mediocrity of quality, and to favouring form over content. Economic and, oftentimes, technocratic thinking would indirectly impact the value system of the theatre arts, its mission in the over-technologized world. The artistic functions of the theatre are bound to be defined and created by creative professionals (this holds provided that critique has a set of criteria applicable both within the theatre arts and vis-à-vis the society). The societal functions ought to be a component part of a knowledge-based society, with special concern for the cultural development of the society.

7

THE HISTORY OF VEGETARIANISM IN HUNGARY (A magyarorszagi vegetarizmus tortenete)

80%

Kokeny T.

Tarsadalomkutatas (Social Science Research)

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2009

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vol. 27

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issue 2

203-225

EN

The paper deals with the history of Hungarian vegetarianism and its three main periods. The three periods are formed by sociological and historical events. Thematically the periods are bound to personalities, publications, events, periodicals, and social communities. In the introduction the basic definitions, health and economical approaches are reviewed.

8

Die Region Schlesien (1618-1740). Die sozialen Gruppierungen und ihre Bedeutung für die Identität des Landes

80%

Herzig A.

Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka

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2013

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vol. 68

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issue 2

59–73

EN

The social groups of Silesian society in the 17th century included higher nobility (dukes, estate lords, foremen) and lower nobility, to which, due to ennoblements ascended many of the townspeople. Among the townsfolk in Silesian cities were such groups as merchants, guild craftsmen and people with higher education. They had civic rights. Most of city-dwellers did not have civic rights, they were the daily wage labourers, guild-less craftsmen, farmhands and servants. Village-dwelling population was divided into peasant classes, the majority of which were the lower peasants, so-called gardeners, who owned little land and livestock and in order to assure their survival needed to seek additional employ (as village craftsmen, workers on farms or estates). A place in the hierarchy was assured not by an initial economic capital, but rather by symbolic capital. The group that influenced Silesian regional identity the most were educated townspeople, whose roots were in humanism.

9

Idea postępu w koncepcjach futurologów

80%

Ciepiał L.

IDEA. Studia nad strukturą i rozwojem pojęć filozoficznych

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2012

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vol. 24

185-205

EN

The aim of my article is to portray the present-day state of the idea of progress, on the basis of futurologists’ credo. The article has a polemical character, voicing the issue in the context of the prevailing paradigm which treats the idea of progress as an anachronistic relic of the past, not responding to the present. It states that the idea of progress is permanently present in reality and still plays an extraordinarily fundamental, i.e. leading, role. Nevertheless, the idea is much more complicated nowadays than at the time of its former victory in the age of the Enlightenment. The contemporary idea of progress lacks naivety, and its character is multidimensional and ambivalent. The idea of progress experienced its most serious crisis in the twentieth century; not only was its development hampered but the crucial components of the idea were questioned. Fewer and fewer intellectuals had the courage to evoke progress. It can be taken for granted that the disbelief in progress has risen up to the rank of a new paradigm. Despite this conviction, there are philosophers, politicians, economists and businessmen who create new shapes of the idea of progress and build its new definition in the context of the collapse of its previous shapes. One of the groups proposing a new approach to the concept of progress is the group of futurologists. In this article we ipso facto recover the idea of the futurologist, defining in such a way a researcher who comprehensively, systematically, rationally and professionally goes back in his or her memory and examines the present time in order to track down predominant trends, to interpret their sense and to set a prognosis of the future against the background of them. Futurologists whose work is analyzed in this article have different approaches to the idea of progress. The comparison of their concepts allows one to avoid a unilateral approach and to create a comprehensive image of the idea of progress in its current shape. Among the most important futurologists, there are such names as: Alvin Toffler (together with his spouse Heidi), Francis Fukuyama, Edward Luttwak, George Ritzer, George and Michio Kaku.

10

Opium notně vyčichlé? Náboženské procesy pozdní moderny v západní a východní Evropě

80%

Nespor Z. R.

Soudobé dějiny (Contemporary History)

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2007

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vol. 14

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issue 2-3

269-304

EN

In this article the author presents a fundamental overview of developments in religion in Europe in the second half of the twentieth century. He compares the situation in West European countries and post-Communist countries, and, referring to the literature, analyzes some central trends. He explains, particularly the longstanding paradigmatic concept of secularization, whose currently most influential proponent is Steve Bruce, and three alternative models - Rodney Stark's theory of rational religious choice, Daniele Hervieu-Leger's concept of religious memory, and Jose Casanova's version of the concept of three autonomous components of secularization (whose meeting led to a striking decline in church-based religiousness in Western Europe). The author also considers questions of secularization and the subsequent changes outside and within the established churches, their legal standing, and influence on politics, the mass media, the school system, and other areas. He also explores the development and subsequent decline in the importance of new religious movements, including positions taken against them and against immigrants' religiousness, as well as the influence of implicit religions. Whereas 'political religion' has long lost its role in shaping identity, functional equivalents of religiousness appear mainly in European secularism, which, on the one hand, has Christian roots and has also quite successfully substituted for church-based Christianity, for example in the form of a negative European identity with regard to Muslims. In Late Modern Europe, the author argues, a great number of privatized religious or spiritual forms continue to exist. They may get the attention of only a small part of the public and encourage them to participate, but their influence as a cultural milieu is much larger. In Europe these and other religious processes are not asserted with equal force; though various forms of religion or non-religion have also been entering European politics and public life, they remain controversial partly because they are expressed in different measure and form.

11

Poesia brasileira (ex-centrica): marcas de um neorromantismo contemporâneo

80%

Coelho Tinoco R.

Studia Iberystyczne

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2010

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vol. 9

155-167

EN

The Brasilian poetic production answered in a rarefied way, starting from the decade of 70, to the challenges and opportunities that the culture and the new sociopolitical order presented coming e.g., for the Cold War, racial fights, concepts of Third World, society of information, dictatorships, globalization. In that national and world context, that contemporary production intends to redraft the contemporary poetic language as a former center of ethical concerns delimited by aesthetic projects. Under such an ethical-aesthetic composition, neo-romantically, sensitive divergences, from the national literary canon, come forward as to understand the borders among poetry and no-poetry, functional art, utilitarian and engaged art. Also stands out the good-humored and ironic, although simple, accusation of the “new times” and of what the poets proposed as search of a more integrated, creative and provocative communication with the people and with art.

12

'THE STILL OPEN QUESTION OF LVOV'. BETWEEN HOPE AND DOUBT- POLES IN LVOV IN 1945

80%

Hryciuk G.

Dzieje Najnowsze

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2005

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issue 4

111-138

EN

On the eve of 1945 Poles comprised more than 60% of the population of Lvov. The town was the site of an active Polish pro–independence underground movement, and several conspiracy periodicals were issued on a regular basis. Already in 1944 the Soviet authorities intended to force a majority of the Poles to leave westward, beyond the Curzon Line and the new eastern Polish frontier. Migration was to be provoked by the increasingly harsh policy applied towards the Polish population, i. a. a more ruthless army conscription and a restriction of the right to use the Polish language. In 1944 and 1945 the Poles of Lvov were well aware of the provisional nature of an existence marked by the awaiting of unavoidable changes. The conviction that liberation from Nazi occupation could signify only a brief change of the occupant was universal . The war went on, and for many Poles it did not end either in July 1944 or even in May or September 1945. In a local dimension, it was still being waged by deciding to remain 'home' as long as possible, 'to the very limits'. Its true finale was to bring a new peacetime order restoring the status quo ante bellum. In 1945, this belief in a better tomorrow, which made it possible to survive 22 months 'of the first Soviet period' and German triumphs, was put to the harshest test. In a letter written to his family in December 1945 a resident of Lvov described in a few sentences the atmosphere which the Poles were compelled to suffer: 'Wartime and even air raids were much better - at least something tangible transpired, some sort of changes followed, stirring hope and brighter thoughts - now there is nothing. All is quiet, ominous and hopeless'.

13

Sociolingvistická situace v Galicii

80%

Pickova L.

Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)

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2007

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vol. 89

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issue 1

1-12

EN

Galicia is in the far north-west of the Iberian peninsula. It was an independent kingdom, until the mid-14th century, was Galician the language of the whole society. Since it had no native nobility or bourgeoisie, Galicia fell under permanent Castilian domination in the 13th century, with a significant influence on the use of the Galician, reduced exclusively for a private life in rural areas. In the 1950s begun the expansion of the education system and of the Castilian-language media, facilitated the generalized penetration of Castilian. Since 1981 it has possessed the status of an autonomous community within Spain. The autonomous government (Xunta) adopted a number of measures designed to promote the knowledge and use of Galician, but the effectiveness of the measures of Xunta is often questioned.

14

Lidové obrození a lidoví buditelé. Se zřetelem na sociální stratifikaci lidového národního hnutí 1800–1850

80%

Pfaff I.

Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)

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2007

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vol. 15

5-59

EN

During the first half of the 19th century the existing social structures were incessantly disintegrating and at the same time new structures were appearing. This process is in Czech historiography commonly known as the 'National Revival'. Historians have viewed this historical period from different viewpoints that were strongly influenced by the contemporary methodological and even ideological positions. The National Revival was a very complex and structured process that was due, in addition to the objective historical trends, also to heterogeneous social components of the changing Czech society (townsmen, petty bourgeoisie and rural population, wage laborers, craftsmen, farmers, businessmen, clerks, artists, intelligentsia, priests, emerging industrial and financial bourgeoisie, etc.) Each social element made a specific contribution to the National Revival process, which must be studied in its entirety.

15

Krakowska liber testamentorum jako źródło do badań społeczeństwa miasta późnośredniowiecznego (zarys problematyki)

80%

Wysmułek J.

Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej

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2011

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vol. 59

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issue 3-4

304-312

EN

The article characterises a group of Cracow burghers from the 15th and 16th c. whose testaments were included in the Cracow liber testamentorum between 1427 and 1543. The book contains 292 records of testaments from that period, among them several mentions of new versions of earlier testaments or their supplements. Only a partial correlation was established between the increased number of testaments in certain years and the dates of epidemics in Cracow. A clear correlation can be assumed in the case of the epidemics of 1482 (12 testaments) and of 1543 (40 testaments). As far as the language is concerned, more testaments were written in German than in Latin until the end of the 15th c.; the tendency changed in the 16th c., when Latin started to dominate. This phenomenon was probably caused by the increasing influence of the renaissance and of Polish gentry culture on the German -language culture of Cracow burghers. In the period discussed about 30% of the testaments recorded in the book were made by women. This was a general tendency which is also evidenced in other large mediaeval towns. One hundred testators from the years 1427-1467 were examined more closely to estimate their wealth. This was done by analysing the value of dowries, which were specified in 49 cases, and other mentions that indicated the testators’ financial standing. It was estimated that over a half of the testators were very affluent, while only 10 were relatively poor. The analysis showed that the testators recorded in the liber testamentorum were primarily rich and very rich, with men dominating. The group, however, was not homogenous, and the tendencies connected with the language of testaments, as well as the relatively small impact of epidemics on the number of testaments, suggest that there might have been other, unidentified factors that induced burghers to draw up testaments and record them in the town register. Further research on the whole collection of Cracow testaments will help to understand the character of this book and to discover the principle by which Cracow councillors decided to register particular testaments in it.

16

THE ATTITUDE OF THE POLISH COMMUNITY IN VILNO TOWARDS NEW REALITY. STANDS AND MOODS 1944-1945

80%

Lewandowska S.

Dzieje Najnowsze

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2005

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issue 4

77-91

EN

The object of the analysis requires outlining a more extensive exposition as well as rendering several issues more precise. The authoress examined the question of a Polish minority existing 'here and now', in a concrete geographic space; the well-enrooted indigenous population possessed its own historical and regional traditions, and was involved in complicated relations with other nationalities, particularly the Lithuanians, for whom Vilno (Wilno, Vilnius) and its environments remained the object of years-long controversies with the Poles. The chronological boundaries of this sketch are the years 1944-1945. The situation in which the Lithuanian state found itself produced qualitatively new circumstances for the Polish minority, different from the ones which had prevailed since 1939. During this period, Vilno changed its state affiliation upon a number of occasions. It remained the capital of Lithuania for not quite a year, and subsequently was incorporated into the Soviet Union; in the years 1941-1944 it was occupied by the Nazis and then once again became the capital of a Soviet republic. Memory about the Polish past was gradually limited, and assumed 'local' and 'native' qualities. By retaining its language and oral tradition it became a regional 'Polishness' , encompassing customs, songs, and narrated 'stories'. Hence the predominant element consolidating tradition was embedded in individual and collective memory; it was also transmitted in individual and collective memory. This type of cultural behaviour was, basically speaking, passive and defensive, and favoured the relative stability of the number of Poles in Lithuania. Another conducive circumstance was the existence of schools (elementary and secondary) with Polish as the language of instruction. Regardless of the 'curricula adapted to' Soviet needs, they influenced the retention of certain rudimentary components of 'high culture'. The promoted initiatives and ventures favoured both the preservation of old 'codes' of tradition and their expansion. Undertaken in difficult and unfavourable conditions, they passed the test of time.

17

Struktura społeczna i grupy społeczne w procesach integracji i dezintegracji Śląska jako region (1526-1619)

80%

Wąs G.

Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka

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2013

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vol. 68

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issue 2

43–55

EN

The distinct Silesian social structure, especially its unique ruling group of dukes, territorial rulers as well as heterogeneous groups of higher Silesian nobility, incompatible with the ruling lords of the Bohemian and Moravian lands constituted estate asymmetry when compared to the other lands of the Bohemian Crown. It became a factor detrimental to the formation of social relations at a level higher than regional. Other reasons for the growth of Silesian regionalism in the social context were political by nature, in the 16th and beginnings of the 17th centuries and were the consequences of the centralising policies of the Habsburg monarchy. These were realised in the approval for the Bohemian political agenda, in granting the highest legal and social status in the monarchy and choosing only its members for offices in the central institutions of the monarchy. This marginalised the socio-political importance of Silesian upper classes and their confinement within the region. The Silesian dukes countered this socio-political alienation in the Bohemian Crown by extending their prestige through marrying abroad, with the houses of the Holy Roman Empire. That became an additional factor disruptive to the social structure of the monarchy. Although groups of higher Silesian nobility had the potential for tendencies for integration, opposition from the Bohemian nobles meant that their approach until the year 1619 was a combination of pro-monarchic and pro-regional approach, while simultaneously including the tendency to individually include themselves in the group of the Bohemian-Moravian rulers. For the population of the Silesian land, including the lower gentry and the townsfolk, who were only in a small extent affected by the common legal solutions, the state division was merely a framework within which heterogeneous communities with individual social and legal rules still functioned.

18

THE MOOD OF THE INHABITANTS OF WROCLAW IN 1945-1946

80%

Ordylowski M.

Dzieje Najnowsze

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2005

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issue 4

139-150

EN

A paper is a presentation of the attitudes demonstrated by the first Polish inhabitants of Wroclaw soon after the end of the wartime hostilities, together with assorted problems and dilemmas associated with settling down in a new place of residence. The author described the various stances of the Polish newcomers, both those interested in rapid material gains and those who perceived moving to Wroclaw as an opportunity for starting a new life. The article also considers the impact exerted upon the Polish residents by living conditions in a city which was gradually becoming Polish, fears and attempts to quickly alter the very character of the town, growing familiarity with Wroclaw and its successive transformation into a Polish urban centre, as well as an awareness of the ensuing changes. The author wrote about the conduct of the Germans and their role in a town which was slowly assuming a new national character.

19

Pedagogy as a Concept Creation and as Social Practice

80%

Starego K.

Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny

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2005

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vol. 50

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issue 4(198)

127-139

EN

Pedagogy as a social practice is tightly bound with a broad context of relations between forces that exist within the social field. This horizon, established by the historical, economic and political conditions has a decisive impact upon the form of modern pedagogy's conceptual space. One of the issues that seem to play a very important role in pedagogy today is that of 'marketization of education'. The author considers the origins and the effects of the economic rationality's domination in modern pedagogical thought. The possibility of bringing an end to a 'crisis' of the disciplinary autonomy is seen in return of the pedagogy to its own field of thought and in concept constructivism based on Deleuze's and Guattari's notion of 'concept creation'.

20

Zagadnienia etniczne i językowe jako czynniki spajające i dezintegrujące Śląsk nowożytny? Podokres 1618/48-1740

80%

Dębicki J.

Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka

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2013

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vol. 68

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issue 2

85–95

EN

The matter of changes in the ethno-linguistic relations in Silesia evokes a significantly more emotional response from later scholars than those from said period. Contemporary sources approached the issue in a roundabout way or simply marginalised it. Simultaneously, the Silesians considered themselves to be ethnically, possibly also linguistically, to be distinct from the denizens of neighbouring regions. Nonetheless certain categories relating to the territorial outreach of ethno-linguistic groups held true for Silesia. In this context one can distinguish a division formed at the dawn of renaissance, dividing Silesia into the left and right shore of the Oder river. This article concerns the Silesian border regions as well. Other aspects are considered as well, ethno-linguistic aspects capable of negating or furthering divisions in Silesia, aspects such as literary works, teaching and usage of language, (German, Polish, Latin) the presence of Polish printed works, as well as Jewish presence. Deliberations on the subject led to the conclusion that the effect of ethno-linguistic relations on the cohesiveness of Silesian society in the late Habsburg era was rather harmless.

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