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The effect of soft budget constraint and credit-market imperfections on investments in Hungarian agriculture

100%
Ferto I., Bakucs L. Z., Fogarasi J.
Kozgazdasagi Szemle (Economic Review)
|
2007
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vol. 54
|
issue 4
322-333
EN
The study uses econometric methods to examine imperfections in Hungarian agriculture in the 2001-5 period. The findings confirm the presence of credit-market imperfections in the whole sample examined. Financing constraints are faced by farms with a low stock of debt, mainly farming rented land. Further calculations show the presence of softness of the budget constraint on highly indebted agricultural firms.
2

The soft budget constraint I-II

80%
Kornai J., Maskin E., Roland G.
Kozgazdasagi Szemle (Economic Review)
|
2004
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vol. 51
|
issue 9
777-809
EN
In this study published in two parts (see Part I : ibid. Vol. 51. No. 7/8, 608-624.) the authors propose a clarification of the notion of soft budget constraint, which is widely used in analysis of socialist, transitional and market economies alike. The interpretation in the study is broad enough to embrace most existing approaches to soft budget constraint phenomena and provides a classification of the causes and consequences of these. In the light of this, the study goes on to review the theoretical literature on the subject and compare it with work on other dynamic commitment problems in economics.
3

The hidden economy and taxation--related behaviour, 1996-2001

80%
Semjen A., Toth I. J.
Kozgazdasagi Szemle (Economic Review)
|
2004
|
vol. 51
|
issue 6
560-583
EN
Based on an empirical survey in 1996, 1998 and 2001 of 300 medium-sized and large firms each in the manufacturing, construction and commercial sectors, the study analyses developments in contract and fiscal discipline and the prevalence of some phenomena in the hidden economy. It is found that the range of the hidden economy lessened in these segments of the Hungarian economy between 1996 and 2001, while contract and taxpaying discipline improved and the soft budget-constraint syndrome continued to retreat. A part was played in this by the improving business prospects and by the increasing integration into the European economy. The improving prospects and growing GDP raised the incomes expected from the legal economy, while tax inspection was also improving. The latter raised the costs of participating in the hidden economy for registered business organizations. The opinions of entrepreneurs on fiscal policy and tax administration also improved strongly between 1996 and 2001. Tax laws were felt to be more transparent and comprehensible and the tax system more predictable. Small firms showed much greater sensitivity than large to complexity and frequent change in tax regulations, which were more likely to upset small firms' business plans and thereby their commercial prospects. The findings support the supposition that transparency of the tax system influences competitiveness, and that the introduction of simplified taxation forms for small firms will promote efficiency and competition on an equal footing.
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