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In the1930s, the sources of the standard norm were based on Ertl's 'good author' theory, language consciousness, and the oral practices of the intellectual class according to the Prague School of Linguistics. In the 1950s, the sources of the grammatical norm were amplified. In the 1960s, spoken Czech, especially the variety known as 'common Czech', came forth, with the central basis for investigating the standard norm formed by technical and journalistic texts. After the linguistic-pragmatic turn in the 1970s and 1980s, style and communication norms also began to be considered in addition to the standard norm. The plurality of opinions and the revocation of the opinions of the 1930s and the 1960s are typical for the present postmodern period. In this article, the author presents his own hierarchy of sources. In accordance with A. Jedlicka and A. Stich, he regards technical and journalistic texts as the most important source, followed by fiction and spoken literary Czech texts.
EN
An article presents the genesis of publication of the first Polish andragogical textbook entitled “Educational work. Its tasks, methods, organisation. The textbook developed with effort of Adam Mickiewicz Folk University”, Krakow 1913 („Praca oświatowa. Jej zadania, metody, organizacja. Podręcznik opracowany staraniem Uniwersytetu Ludowego im. A. Mickiewicza”) and discusses its content. The author of the article shows the textbook as an important source of developing andragogy as a science, its identity, which can still initiate discussion and create andragogical narration. The metaphor of source used in the article allows to point to many trails that through receptive practices can be used for andragogical interpretation of adult education experience and can be a stimulus to create collective memory. According to the author, the discussed textbook is still the non-dried-up source of Polish andragogy despite 100 years that have passed since it was published.
EN
The government's intentions to construct nuclear power plants in Poland are frequently regarded as a risky move, which will not only fail to solve the problems of the Polish power industry, but can threat the perspectives of other energy sources as well. After the explosion in the Fukushima nuclear plant, fears have also aroused as for the safety of such plants. The author of the article presents the arguments of both supporters and opponents of nuclear energy, and refers to the government's plans and the needs of the economy in the area.
EN
The problems described in the article are the following: rents paid by bourgeoisies ; the duties of craftsmen, fishermen and millers towards the owner or the state, tributes for the Order of Benedictines ), Tykocin citizens’ duties for repairing bridges, maintaining cleanliness in the town, repairing cobbled pavements and strengthening channels on the Motława River. Some duties of Jews from Tykocin towards the magistrate and the Roman Catholic Church were also discussed. Moreover the issue of subsidium charitativum [a voluntary tax] of the parish in Tykocin towards the state and the particular duty of missionaries conducting seminars and the parish school, were described. The duties of small group from Tykocin hospital in the 18th century were described as well.
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