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1

STANDARDIZATION: MAIN ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT (Standartyzatsiya: osnovni aspekty rozvytku)

100%
Khramova-Baranova O. L.
Nauka ta naukoznavstvo (Science and Science of Science)
|
2009
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issue 4
61-66
EN
The idea of standardization and its broad interpretation is shown by use of rich historical evidence, including accounts of Ancient Egypt and Rome, Renaissance epoch, Russia before and after Peter the Great, Western Europe (Germany, England, France) before and after the industrial revolution. The contemporary standardization is dated from the rise of mass-scale industry, that is, from the capitalism, and institutions dealing with standardization appeared at the end of XIX - beginning of XX century, when standardization was perceived as an economic requirement, not in the least due to intensive militarization, and national organizations responsible for standardization appeared in time of World War I. Detailed account of standardization in the USSR is given, which was launched with introduction of metric system of measures and weights and establishing the first central body on standardization in 1925. In 1968, the USSR was the first in the world practice to develop and approve the so called 'State Standardization System'. The world experiences in standardization were subject to concern in the USSR, an evidence of which is the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR 'On Organization of Work on Standardization in the USSR'. Works on standardization were suspended with the breakdown of the USSR.
2
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K diskusi o standardní a „spisovné“ češtině

88%
Cermak F., Sgall P., Vybiral P.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2006
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vol. 67
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issue 4
267-282
EN
Admitting that certain mistakes in their paper (Cermak, Sgall and Vybiral 2005) have to be corrected, the authors claim that one of the main issues relevant to the present discussion concerns the difference between a book and a short paper which necessarily includes quotations from other writings; these should not be ignored, and the results of the research conducted up until now should be reflected. The present paper then argues that some of the old arguments are still valid and that the concept of a standard and its variants is to be understood taking into account a transitional zone between the standard and everyday spoken usage. The older traditions of prescriptive linguistics still have not been overcome by functional approaches, especially in school education.
3

Flexible questionnarie. Field-near application of survey data collection

88%
Letenyei L., Nagy G. D.
Szociologiai Szemle (Sociological Review)
|
2007
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vol. 17
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issue 1-2
29-46
EN
This writing revives a methodological dispute laid aside in the forties, when it puzd the standard character of surveys under scrutiny.The authors believe that the standard requirement originating in the modernist approach to survey researches, according to which questions have to be asked verbatim every time, needs to be reconsidered due to three aspects: it is unethical, unimplementable, and produces invalid results. Thus the second half of the writing suggests researchers to use an old but hitherto not widely used survey practice what we call 'flexible survey.'
4

PROPOSAL FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF REINSURANCE CONTRACTS UNDER IFRS 17

88%
Zelinová S., Blahušiaková M., Šoltésová T.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
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2022
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vol. 70
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issue 3
284 – 304
EN
The paper introduces the proposal of the measurement model for insurance and reinsurance contracts in accordance with the new standard IFRS 17 Insurance contracts that will be effective as of January 1, 2023. The Standard does not contain formulas, but it is principle-based, which is why the selected method of general model measurement is a scientific benefit for the measurement of the insurance product. The application of the GMM method is not the same as that of the insurance company and the reinsurance company perspective, despite the same chosen actuarial assumptions. The scope of changes, which the new Standard offers, is comprehensive and brings new challenges, even for scientific purposes.
5

Metodolohiia vyznachennia katehorii dylerskoho pidpryiemstva

88%
Prytsyuk L. A.
Mekhanizm Rehuluvannya Economiky
|
2011
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vol. 4 (54)
235-241
EN
The standards of dealer’s enterprise are worked out when proceeding from the main kinds of their activities. The determination methods of the automobile dealer’s category by the parameters of standard accordance are suggested.
6

TRI HISTORICKÉ MATEMATICKÉ PRÍSTUPY KU SKÚMANIU KRÁSY

88%
Démuth A.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2016
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vol. 71
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issue 9
759 – 770
EN
This study attempts to clarify the importance and function of mathematical statistics and mathematical thinking in early formation of modern aesthetics of the eighteenth century. The author focuses on three historical concepts of using the statistical and mathematical approach to beauty and aesthetic (taste) standard. The first one is Hume’s searching for taste standards based on his sensualism and his exceeding the individual subjective experience by statistical standardization of inter-subjective experience. Peculiar to this approach is an ambivalent understanding of the standard as a “mean” on one side and “excellence” on the other. The second model of aesthetic thinking is Reid’s aesthetic realism. The analysis of Reid’s works serves to show the roots of modern aesthetic cognitivism and the significance of scientific study of beautiful objects’ parameters. An important part of these considerations is the examination of ontological status of beauty and the term of “excellence” as “perfectness”. In conclusion, the author tries to highlight the mathematical and statistical algorithms of Kant’s creating aesthetic standards and aesthetic ideal in his Critique of Judgment. He also shows the potentials of the above mentioned approaches as far as the contemporary cognitive research in aesthetics is concerned.
7

REŽIM EURÓPSKEHO INŠTITÚTU PRE TELEKOMUNIKAČNÉ NORMY – ETSI: ZÁSADY, ROZHODNÉ PRÁVO A ÚČINOK ETSI VOČI PREDLOŽENÝM VYHLÁSENIAM

63%
Straus J.
Právny obzor. Teoretický časopis pre otázky štátu a práva (Juridical Review. Theoretical journal for the questions of state and law)
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2013
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vol. 96
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issue 6
543 – 566
EN
The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) was founded upon an initiative on the EU-Commission with the aim of drafting European telecommunication standards in order to secure the interoperability, to advance the competition on the merits between technologies of different companies, and to serve the consumer’s welfare. The legal framework of ETSI, which is composed of ETSI Statutes, ETSI Directives, including ETSI Rules of Procedure and ETSI Intellectual Property Rights Policy, is governed by French law. ETSI standards constitute the European norms and remain accessible to all companies also in case they fall within the scope of protection of one or more patents. ETSI organs have ensure, if necessary assisted by the EU-Commission, that technologies which are covered by patents can become standards only if their proprietors irrevocably declare that they are prepared to irrevocably license their standard essential patents under fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory terms and conditions. In case a declaration according to Clause 6.1 of ETSI IPR Policy is refused, ETSI has to undertake all the measures which are necessary to prevent that the respective patented technology will become or remain a standard. The acceptance, which is only necessary to effectuate the contract effects, and which has to be expressed towards the promisor, also does not need any specific form and can even be implied or tacit. From the point in time of the acceptance by the third beneficiary, the contract can only be revoked by consent of all parties. A final agreement (mutual consent) as regards the price, i.e. license royalty, is no precondition for the coming into being of the license contract. In case of dispute the fixing and the assessment of the reasonableness of the price is a matter for courts. It should be added that a subsequent assignment of the standard essential patent(s) at issue to third parties does not affect the license concluded under the FRAND conditions. Only that way it can be secured that ETSI standards remain accessible under non-discriminatory and reasonable conditions fixed in a dispute by courts. The latter being an important pre-condition for the interoperability and competition on the merits between technologies of different companies to the well-being of consumers.
8
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Las variantes de prestigio y sus relaciones en Granada

63%
Vales M.
Linguistica Pragensia
|
2011
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vol. 21
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issue 2
88-97
EN
The variety spoken in Granada (Spain) presents singular features developed due to the late conquest of this territory and also due to the expansion of the city during the second half of the 20th century. The paper deals with the prestige of particular variants, which are typical of the variety of Granada, because this information is important in respect of their evolution process. The study pays particular attention to the relation between the two forms of imperfect subjunctive cantara/cantase and various phonetic phenomena that can be observed in this city. The hypothesis builds on the assumption that the speakers who alternate the two forms of imperfect subjunctive are more conscious of the prestigious forms and for this reason they also use the prestigious variants on the phonetic level.
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