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EN
The paper presents the history and contemporary state of the Way of Saint James in Poland. It highlights a few key topics. The first part of the article introduces the tradition connected with Saint James the Elder, an Apostle, and his shrine in Santiago de Compostela. The second part is a historical synopsis of the Camino in Poland until 1982 - the papal pilgrimage to Saint James’ Shrine. The final part focuses on the recently modernised pilgrim routes, their present state and features. In conclusion, the article characterises the spiritual goals that the pilgrims have when making their journey to the Santiago Cathedral in North-Western Spain. 
PL
Tekst dotyczący historii i współczesnego wyglądu Dróg św. Jakuba w Polsce koncentruje się na kilku kluczowych zagadnieniach. Wstęp wprowadza w tradycję powstałą wokół postaci Apostoła Jakuba Starszego oraz jego Grobu znajdującego się w Santiago de Compostela. Krótka historia Szlaków Jakubowych w Polsce doprowadza do ważnego wydarzenia, jakim była pielgrzymka Ojca Świętego Jana Pawła II do Grobu św. Jakuba w 1982 roku. Następnie kolejno wymienione są oraz scharakteryzowane wszystkie Drogi św. Jakuba, jakie powstały na terenie Polski w ciągu ostatnich kilkunastu lat. Zakończenie prezentuje cel pielgrzymów udających się do katedry w północno-zachodniej Hiszpanii. 
EN
The Way of Saint James is the world’s longest marked Christian pilgrimage route, as well as the first European Cultural Route. The Małopolska Way of Saint James constitutes one of the 25 Camino de Santiago sections currently operating in Poland. The trail refers to a medieval trade route which used to lead along the edge of the Vistula river valley from Sandomierz to Kraków. The route was one of the branches of the so-called Ruthenian route, leading from Polesie and Ruthenia to the capital of the Crown and to Silesia. The first section of the Małopolska Way of Saint James (Pałecznica – Więcławice Stare – Kraków) was opened on 25 October 2008. The whole section of the trail, from Sandomierz to Szczyrk (317 km), was marked during the following years. There are ten Churches of St James on the route: in Sandomierz, Kotuszów, Szczaworyż, Probołowice, Pałecznica, Niegardów, Więcławice Stare, Sanka, Palczowice, and Szczyrk. The presented study includes an analysis of tourist and pilgrimage traffic on the Małopolska Way of Saint James. A purpose of the paper was also to summarise the activities and projects connected with the creation and development of this stretch of Camino de Santiago in Poland. Other objectives serving further popularisation of the route have been indicated, as well.
PL
Inclusion of the Polish sections of the Way of St. James in the European network of Camino de Santiago gave impetus to marking the Way of St. James within the territory of Ukraine. On the tenth anniversary of the opening of the Polish section of Camino de Santiago, on 10 October 2015 and 11 October 2015 in Shehyni and Medyka at the Polish-Ukrainian border, the first Ukrainian section of Camino de Santiago, the so-called Lviv Way of St. James Via Regia was connected with the Polish section of the St. James’s route – The Subcarpathian Way of St. James Via Regia.The objective of the paper is to present the origin and development of the first Ukrainian section of the Way of St. James – the Lviv Way of St. James Via Regia. Authors of the paper have also indicated the possibilities of development of the pilgrimages and religious tourism at the Polish-Ukrainian borderland on the basis of the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela. In the research related to religious tourism in the examined area only Catholic church sanctuaries (Catholic church of the Latin rite and Byzantine-Ukrainian rite) located in the frontier zone at the Polish-Ukrainian borderland were taken into account.From the perspective of functioning of the Route of St. James at the Polish-Ukrainian Borderland for over a year it may be stated that it may become an important and popular section of Camino de Santiago in this part of Europe. Studies conducted confirm that this section of the route is attended by Camino pilgrims seeking silence, solitude and a kind of counterbalance to the increasingly commercialized Camino de Santiago in Spain, especially its final 100-kilometer sections leading to the sanctuary in Santiago de Compostela.The presented thesis constitutes a result of the office and field works that have been conducted by the authors on the European sections of the Way of St. James since 2006. These research works have been focused mainly on the section Camino de Santiago at the Polish-Ukrainian borderland since 2013.
EN
Calixtinus Codex is an illuminated manuscript from the mid-twelfth century that is kept in the Chapter Archive of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. It consists of five books and two appendices, with a total of 225 parchment sheets written on both sides. The first is of a liturgical nature, it contains sermons, hymns, prayers and other texts for the celebration of the festival of St James the Greater. The second is a collection of twenty miracles wrought by the Apostle. The third contains the story of the translation of the remains of St James. The fourth book contains the story of Turpin, Archbishop of Reims, accompanying Charlemagne in the reconquest of northern Spain. The fifth is the oldest guide for pilgrims on their way to Santiago de Compostela; it describes the way, people, local customs, churches and works of art. And most of all describes the Santiago Cathedral and the city of Santiago as the pilgrim could see in the twelfth century. A final double Appendix includes other liturgical texts, hymns and musical pieces dedicated to St James the Greater. Although sometimes referred to as Liber Sancti Calixtino – Codex Iacobi, the two concepts are not identical. The Liber Sancti Iacobi represents the contents of the book, a collection of texts related to St James the Greater, which several manuscripts, the most notable of which is the Codex Calixtinus kept in the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela.
PL
Calixtinus Codex to iluminowany rękopis z połowy XII wieku, który jest przechowaywany w Archiwum kapitulnym katedry w Santiago de Compostela. Składa się z pięciu ksiąg i dwóch załączników, w sumie liczy 225 arkuszy pergaminu zapisanych obustronnie. Pierwsza księga ma charakter liturgiczny, zawiera kazania, pieśni, modlitwy i inne teksty na obchody święta św. Jakuba Większego. Druga księga to zbiór relacji o dwudziestu cudach dokonanych przez Apostoła. Trzecia zawiera historię translacji szczątków św. Jakuba. Czwarta księga pomieszcza relację Turpina, arcybiskupa Reims, towarzyszącego Karolowi Wielkiemu w podboju północnej Hiszpanii. Piąta księga jest najstarszym przewodnikiem dla pielgrzymów na camino do Santiago de Compostela; opisuje drogę, ludzi, lokalne zwyczaje, kościoły i dzieła sztuki. Przede wszystkim jednak opisuje katedrę w Santiago i samo miasto Santiago de Compostela, jakie pielgrzym mógł zobaczyć w XII wieku. Podwójny dodatek zawiera inne teksty liturgiczne, pieśni i utwory muzyczne poświęcone Apostołowi. Chociaż czasami Calixtinus Codex bywa utożsamiany z Liber Sancti Iacobi, nie są identyczne. Liber Sancti Iacobi to zbiór tekstów odnoszących się do św. Jakuba Większego, którego jednym z najważniejszych rękopisów jest Codex Calixtinus, przechowywanyw katedrze w Santiago de Compostela.
ES
El Códice Calixtino es un manuscrito iluminado de mediados del siglo XII que se custodia en el Archivo Capitular de la Catedral de Santiago de Compostela. Consta de cinco libros y dos apéndices, con un total de 225 folios de pergamino escritos por las dos caras. El primero es de carácter litúrgico, contiene sermones, himnos, oraciones y otros textos necesarios para la celebración de las fiestas del Apóstol Santiago el Mayor. El segundo es una colección de veintidós milagros obrados por el Apóstol. El tercero contiene el relato de la translación de los restos del Apóstol Santiago. Su cuarto libro recoge el relato de Turpín, Arzobispo de Reims, que acompaña a Carlomagno en la reconquista del norte de España. El quinto es la más antigua guía para los peregrinos del Camino de Santiago en su viaje a Compostela; describe el camino, sus gentes, costumbres locales, iglesias y obras de arte. Y sobre todo describe la catedral compostelana y la ciudad de Santiago tal como la podía contemplar en peregrino en el siglo XII. Un doble apéndice final recoge otros textos litúrgicos, himnos y piezas musicales dedicadas al Apóstol Santiago. Aunque a veces se denomina al Códice Calixtino como Liber Sancti Iacobi, ambos conceptos no son idénticos. El Liber Sancti Iacobi representa el contenido del libro, una recopilación de textos relacionados con el Apóstol Santiago el Mayor, del cual se gestaron varios manuscritos, el más notable de los cuales es el Códice Calixtino custodiado en la catedral de Santiago de Compostela.
EN
The study deals with an analysis of the 15th century Czech travel writings. First part is focused on narrative strategies of autobiographical travel writing and the relationship between narrator and reader model is studied. Second part of the study looks into the narrative and cultural contexts of the frame stories and anecdotes included into travel writings. Their function in a travelogue conception just as their role in the local identities is examined. These stories are an important instrument as they enable both the traveller to understand the region he visited and the travel writer to relate his experience.
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