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The Self-employment of Women in Azerbaijan

100%
Gomółka K.
Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs
|
2021
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vol. 25
|
issue 2
171-190
EN
Azerbaijan has a population of more than 10 million, of which women accounted for 50% in 2020. At the same time, 93% of Azerbaijan's citizens describe themselves as Muslims. Since the beginning of independence, Azerbaijan has been a secular state by virtue of Article 48 of the Constitution, which guarantees the freedom of worship, choice, or nonpractice of religion and the freedom of expression of one's own views on religion. This article aims to assess the changes in the self-employment of women in Azerbaijan through a deductive analysis of data and observation of changes in the structure of resources based on generally available macroeconomic data. This study focuses on the situation of women on the Azerbaijani labour market over the two decades of the 21st century. The numbers of economically active women, including those in employment and the unemployed, and economically inactive women are specified. Further, the government's legal and financial policy in respect of women's self-employment is analysed. The author determines what percentage of companies were set up by women and in which sectors and locations.
2
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Polski bezrobotny i jego aktywność w Internecie

72%
Niemczyk A.
Studia Ekonomiczne
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2018
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vol. 350
103-114
PL
Celem artykułu jest rozpoznanie aktywności internetowej polskiego bezrobotnego. W artykule przedstawiono rozmiary bezrobocia w Polsce, a w świetle publikowanych danych – profil polskiego bezrobotnego. Na podstawie danych empirycznych, pozyskanych z badania sondażowego, zaprezentowano aktywność internetową osób pozostających na bezrobociu. Przedstawiono ich opinie na temat konsumpcji kolaboratywnej. W konsekwencji dowiedziono, m.in. że bezrobotni najczęściej korzystają z poczty internetowej i portali społecznościowych, a wykształcenie w istotny sposób różnicuje niemal wszystkie analizowane aktywności internetowe. Bezrobotni uczestniczą w wymianie ubrań, książek, filmów lub innych przedmiotów i są gotowi zarówno do wypożyczenia poprzez stronę internetową, jak i do wymiany różnych przedmiotów z innymi osobami.
EN
The purpose of this article is to present the Polish unemployed through the prism of their virtual activity. The size of unemployment in Poland and the profile of an unemployed Polish in light of the published data was presented in the paper. Basing on survey district Internet activity of people who are unemployed was presented with a particular focus on the ways of dealing with the situation including collaborative consumption. Consequently it was proven, i.a., that the unemployed mostly use electronic mail and social media portals, and their education significantly differentiates nearly all analyzed internet activities. The unemployed participate in clothes, books, films or other things exchange.
3

The Impact of Including Immigrants without Permanent Residence Status in the Public Health Insurance System in the Czech Republic

72%
Tepperová J., Zídková H.
Review of Economic Perspectives
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2016
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vol. 16
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issue 1
45-62
EN
Whether an individual can or cannot participate in the Czech public health insurance system depends on several characteristics, one of which is whether he/she has permanent residence status in the Czech Republic, and a second whether he/she is employed. This means that those without permanent residence status, including self-employed migrants from third countries, their dependent relatives, and the dependent relatives of third country employees in the Czech Republic, cannot participate in the public health insurance system. Some argue that such migrants should be included in the system, since commercial health insurance is disadvantageous and the contributions they would pay into the public health insurance system would increase the public health insurance agencies’ income. We estimate the value of the contributions to public health insurance that would be paid by third country self-employed and non-working immigrants, if they were insured based on data from 2011 to 2013, and compare this to the assumed costs of their medical care. To calculate the contributions for self-employed migrants we use data on the distribution of the tax base for self-employed persons from personal income tax returns. Our estimation results in an overall negative balance of 22 million CZK on the data for 2012 and 2013. In the current system this deficit would be covered by the state, which would pay contributions to the system for certain (state insured) persons amounting to 97 million CZK; overall therefore the inclusion of these immigrants would result in a positive balance of 75 million CZK.
4
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Kompetencje przyszłości w warunkach ekspansji gospodarki 4.0

72%
Janowska A. A., Skrzek-Lubasińska M.
Studia Ekonomiczne
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2019
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vol. 379
57-71
PL
Celem artykułu jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy kompetencje pracujących w gospodarce tradycyjnej, opartej głównie na pracy najemnej, różnią się od tych pożądanych w gospodarce 4.0, opartej na pracy krótkoterminowej. Okazuje się, że podejmowanie aktywności zawodowej w takim otoczeniu wymaga innych cech i umiejętności niż na tradycyjnym rynku pracy, co z kolei wymaga innego podejścia do kształcenia kadr niż przy kształceniu pracowników na potrzeby gospodarki tradycyjnej. Rezultatem badania jest zestawienie (tabela) cech pracy i kompetencji niezbędnych z jednej strony w gospodarce tradycyjnej oraz – z drugiej – w gospodarce 4.0.
EN
The aim of the article is to attempt to address the question whether the competences of people working in a traditional economy, based mainly on contract work (waged work), differ from those required in the economy 4.0, based on short-term contracts. The analysis shows, firstly, that professional activity undertaken in this new environment requires competences and skills that differ dramatically from those necessary in the traditional labor market. Secondly, it points out that there is need to change the approach to educating cadres to the economy 4.0. At the end of the study a table is presented, summarizing the characteristics of work and competencies required in both the traditional economy and the economy 4.0.
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