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Striving for Consistency Shapes Emotional Responses to Other’s Outcomes

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Pietraszkiewicz A., Wojciszke B.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

2014

vol. 45

issue 3

296-305

Based on the balance theory (Heider, 1958), we hypothesized that emotions (i.e., schadenfreude, resentment, joy and sorrow) induced by other person’s outcomes function as responses restoring balance within cognitive units consisting of the perceiver, other persons and their outcomes. As a consequence, emotional reactions towards others’ outcomes depend on the perceiver’s attitudes in such a way that outcomes of a well-liked person rise congruous responses (sorrow after failure and joy after success), while outcomes of a disliked other lead to incongruous responses (schadenfreude after failure and resentment after success). Our participants recalled a situation from their past in which somebody they liked or disliked had succeed or failed. Additionally, we manipulated whether the outcome referred to a domain where participants’ self-interest was involved or not. We analyzed the participants’ average emotional state as well as specific emotions induced by the recalled events. Consistently with expectations we found that balancing principles played a major role in shaping emotional responses to successes and failures of person who were well-liked or disliked.

The Nature of Human Beings and the Moral Regulation of Passions

58%

Khanduri I. P.

Dialogue and Universalism

2015

issue 2

123-132

Passionate human behavior should be regulated by moral instructions, teaching and practices. For explaining the issue, Rene Descartes in The Passions of the Soul and the Hindu traditions of Sāṁkhya are here considered. These two systems provide four-dimensional physical, mental/moral and spiritual descriptions of human nature and a mechanism of regulating passions. The first two parts of the paper are focused on the nature of human beings, its holistic and integrative character, and on understanding emotional behavior. The next two parts describe moral ways used to regulate passions on the basis of Samkhya’s eight steps, i.e., reasoning, hearing, studying, Pramod, Mudi-ta̅ and Modma̅n, respect and gratitude. Descartes’ concept of generosity as a basis of the inculcation of virtues like self-esteem, veneration, hope, courage and bravery, self-satisfaction, is also analyzed. In conclusion, the relevance of the aforementioned mech-anism is presented at the individual and social levels.

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1 Dialogue and Universalism

1 Polish Psychological Bulletin

1 Khanduri I. P.

1 Pietraszkiewicz A.

1 Wojciszke B.

1 2015

1 2014

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Striving for Consistency Shapes Emotional Responses to Other’s Outcomes

The Nature of Human Beings and the Moral Regulation of Passions