Search results

1

Osada kultury pucharów lejkowatych ze stan. Nad Wawrem w Złotej, gm. Samborzec, woj. świętokrzyskie

100%

Matraszek B.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

|

2001

|

vol. LV

|

issue 55

123-174

EN

The site “Nad Wawrem at Złota (woj. świętokrzyskie) lies some 7 km SW of Sandomierz (Fig. 1) on the SE margin of the Sandomierz Highland, close to where it borders on the valley of the Vistula River (J. Kondracki 1994, 212). The settlement occupies an extensive loess elevation in the form of spur bounded by the valleys of the Koprzywianka and Polanówka streams (Fig. 1). Such location is consistent with many of the features characteristic of Funnel Beaker Culture pattern of settlement distinguished in the Sandomierz Highland (H. Kowalewska-Marszałek 1992, 246–250). The present study is an analysis of finds recovered from the Funnel Beaker settlement, found in the collection of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw. In 1926–1930 R. Jakimowicz, Z. Szmit and J. Żurowski, on behalf of Państwowe Grono Konserwatorów Zabytków Przedhistorycznych (Corps des Conservateurs d’Ètat des Monuments Préhistorique), explored a multi-culture site close to the village of Złota. Work on the site “Nad Wawrem was carried out mainly in 1926, 1927 and 1929. Some 3 ha were excavated and 572 features uncovered. The Funnel Beaker settlement at the site “Nad Wawrem occupies a central place of the studied area. Most probably the site was investigated in full. Existence of planned layout may be traced in the distribution of pits, which apparently were arranged around a central open space (Fig. 2). Material associated with Funnel Beaker culture was recovered from 10 pits, presumably used for different economic purposes. Basing on their shape, as seen in cross-section, features were distinguished into types one and two. Type one was basin-like in section while the section of type two pits was irregular with many internal divisions (Table 1). The first group included pits no. 387, 397, 407, the latter a set of four pits, (Fig. 8, 9, 26). All were circular in outline, measuring 1.5–1.6 m in their upper section and had a maximum depth of 0.50 m, with uniform fill. Features of the other group having an irregular and segmented section included pits no. 378, 401, 402, 404, 406, 416 (Fig. 5, 6, 10, 11, 15, 16, 19, 20, 25, 28). Their interior was rather complex, with recesses branching out at the pit bottom or sides, stairs, steps; their fill was far from uniform and included a number of distinct layers. In their upper section these pits measured between 2.9 and 4.3 m, reaching the maximum depth of 1.7 m. Unlike the basin-sectioned pits of the first group, type two pits produced a rich and varied assortment of material evidence. Pits with a basin-like section may probably be interpreted as remains of small sunken cellars protected against the elements by some type of roofing difficult to reconstruct (B. Balcer 1989, 349–351). Alternately, they may be traces of clay extraction for building purposes i.e., clay-pits (B. Balcer 1989, 352; S. Kadrow 1992, 36) or traces of other activities pursued by inhabitants of the settlement (J. M. Michalak-Ścibior, H. Taras 1995, 78). Interpretation of the function served by the other group of pits is more difficult. In view of the rich assortment of finds recovered from them they may be linked with construction of raised dwellings. Although excavations failed to produce direct evidence of the presence such structures their existence is suggested by the presence of fragments of construction daub inside the fill of these pits (B. Balcer 1989; Z. Krzak 1963, 81–82). A small number of structures associated with raised dwellings is known from other Funnel Beaker settlements (B. Burchard 1977, 65–67, fig. 4; A. Kulczycka-Leciejewiczowa 1993, 126, fig. 41; A. Pelisiak 1985, 23–24, fig. 11, 12, 15, 16; J. Romanow, K. Wachowski, B. Miszkiewicz 1973, 23–29, 81–83, fig. 8–10; H. Schirning 1979b, 242; 1979c, 244–245; H. Wiklak 1975, 49; 1986, fig. 3, 4; W. H. Zimmermann 1979, 247, fig. 16). Structures presumably associated with cult were also recorded in megalithic tombs (W. Chmielewski 1952, 18–19; K. Gorczyca 1979/1981, 6, 17–18, fig. 4–9; I. Jadczykowa 1970, 135). It is also worth recalling that the function of the discussed group of pits may have been changed over the period they were in use (B. Balcer 1989, 351). At the present level of knowledge it is difficult to establish what location the discussed features occupied within the settlement. They may have been found inside buildings, under their floor or alternately, outdoors, protected by the roof of the building or a greater distance from the dwellings. B. Balcer proposed a similar location in case of trapezoid pits in his study of the settlement at Ćmielów (B. Balcer 1989, fig. 19). 3087 pottery fragments were analysed; two entire vessels survived intact (Fig. 12n, 22g), nine were reconstructed (Fig. 7k, 17a, 21e,j, 27b). On the basis of so fragmentary an inventory little may be said about the assortment of vessel forms but appears to have been relatively rich. A large group was formed by funnel beakers and vessels having a funnel-like neck and by pot-like storage vessels with a large opening. Amphorae, amphora-like vessels, cups with ansa lunata handles and collared flasks, represent a much smaller group. Vessels of small dimensions were also encountered. It is probable that the assortment of pottery also included bowls and jugs. In dimension the vessels ranged from very small specimens through a series of intermediate specimens to large, storage vessels. Predominant forms were presumably slender vessels with a high-set shoulder. Among funnel beakers two types and three variants were distinguished (A I 1–3, A II) as well as one type of S-shaped beakers profile (A III). Amphorae were distinguished into four types: B I–IV. Micromorphological differences in pottery consisted mainly in the different modelling of vessel rims. The modelling of the vessel base was in all specimens similar, differing only in the different degree of sloping out of the vessel wall near the base, a feature dependent on the vessel form and the modelling of a distinct vessel foot. In terms of production technique the ceramic material largely resembles pottery known from other sites of the Funnel Beaker culture, SE group (W. Gumiński 1989, 39–40). Ceramic vessels were characterised by highly uniform preparation of the raw material, firing and surface finish. Technological group A was distinguished including subgroups A 1–3 identified on the basis of secondary attributes i.e., manner of surface finish, thickness of vessel walls and amount of temper used. Mineral temper was used in the form of fine-grained sand and ground potsherds which was added in substantial quantity and mixed quite uniformly in the entire ceramic mass. The temper is not apparent on vessel surface and may be seen only in the breaks. Group B was also distinguished on the basis of heavy post-depositional surface wear of potsherds which otherwise were typified by the same technological attributes characteristic for the technological group A. Ornamentation consisted mostly of one or two, more rarely, a larger number of designs. The most typical patterns consisted of one or two elements arranged horizontally, more seldom, vertically or horizontally and vertically. The ornament was made externally under the vessel rim, at the point of junction of the neck and the vessel body more rarely, below the handles, on their edges or on the vessel body. Exceptionally there was an all-over ornament (pinched ornament on storage vessels). Individual vessel types tended to be associated with specific ornamentation motifs. It was typical for funnel beakers to be decorated with an ornament of stamps of diverse shapes arranged in rows (Fig. 12h, 17f, 21a,b, 29a,g) or zigzags (Fig. 12i, 22e, 29f,ł) and the stab-and-drag lines (Fig. 7b,g, 17g,o,r,u, 21c, 22f, 27d, 29c). A more rare form of plastic ornament were cordons placed at the neck and vessel body junction or U- and M-shaped cordons placed below the curve of the neck (Fig. 17t, 21e, 27d, 29k). Sporadically, a notched ornament was observed forming a zigzag enclosing from below a band of stamps (Fig. 17o) or cord impressions in the form of a horizontally arranged line (Fig. 18a, 21j), at times interrupted by flat bosses (Fig. 29k). Storage vessels tended to be decorated with a plastic ornament by thickening the vessel rim to form a ledge or a cordon below the vessel mouth additionally covered with a pinched ornament (Fig. 17p) or stamp impressions (Fig. 4a). A characteristic ornament for these vessels are the narrow slats finger-impressed (Fig. 4c, 22a). A striking form of decoration is seen on storage vessels only where the entire vessel body and the neck were covered with a pinched ornament (Fig. 17e,h). Amphorae were decorated only rarely with a plastic ornament in the form of a cordon placed at the vessel neck and body junction, occasionally additionally notched (Fig. 27a). Other striking objects of fired clay were also recovered from the analysed features: a fragment of a cylindrical loom-weight (Fig. 7j), four entire clay spindlewhorls (including a stamp-ornamented specimen) and their three fragments (Fig. 12b,f, 17j, 22j,l), two fragments of small clay battle axes (Fig. 22k) and a realistically rendered representation of a ram’s head originally crowning a vessel handle (Fig. 29n). Technologically these items do not differ from pottery vessels. The only difference, in case of spindlewhorls, is the content of mineral temper, higher than in vessels. An interesting find from the recess of pit no. 401 was a clay pipe (Fig. 13j). A similar specimen is known from a Funnel Beaker settlement at Ćmielów, pit no. 49 (Z. Podkowińska 1950, 129, pl. XXXIX:4). Objects resembling the find from Złota have been interpreted variously as aids used in feeding babies (so-called biberons), spoons, mortars, pipe stems or crucibles used in copper metallurgy (J. A. Bakker, J. C. Vogel, T. Wiślański 1969, 227; W. Gumiński 1989, 114) – unlikely items having a different chronology, formed and function all lumped together. The finds from Złota and Ćmielów were subjected to spectrogaphy analysis by specialists of the State Archaeological Museum to determine the chemical composition of residue substances found on them. This helped to exclude metallurgy and suggested at the same time possible connection of analysed residue with remains of plant ashes (L. Koziorowska 1995). Of 54 flint finds associated with Funnel Beaker culture recovered at Złota, site “Nad Wawrem most were made of the local Świeciechów flint. The variety from Volhynia and banded flint were much less common (Table 2). Flint objects appear to have been heavily used. Many tools show substantial degree of wear (axes with damaged blades (Fig. 18g,h, 30e,f), change of function (axes showing traces of reuse as hammerstones (Fig. 18c, 30c) and repair (retouched blades with steeply retouched edges (Fig. 18d, 27f, table 3, 4). Generally the structure of the analysed flint inventory (Table 5) is typical for settlements of flint tool users (B. Balcer 1975, 186). 10 tools represent stone finds. All were subjected to petrography analysis (P. Bylina, R. Michniak – archive of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw) mainly, to identify their raw material and its source of origin (Table 6). It was established that different stone material was used in manufacturing stone tools. Inhabitants of the settlement at Złota used material from local deposits – stone from the main ridge and the foreland of the Central Polish Highlands (Góry Świętokrzyskie) and material found in the direct vicinity of the site at Złota, from erratics of the Middle Polish or Northern Polish glaciation in the valley of Kamienna River and from the Polish Lowlands. Material was also brought over greater distances, as e.g., serpentine marble from Silesia and silicificated marl probably from Carpathian Mts. Field notes from the excavation also noted that quernstones were found in the pit fill (some 5 specimens) but unfortunately they were not collected from the site after the excavation. According to J. Żurowski, head of the expedition, one of the quernstones was made of granite. The inventory of bone objects included 29 tools (entire and in fragments) and a fragment of an ornament. Nearly a half of all implements were various types of awls – 13 items (Fig. 13a–e,i, 14l, 18j,k,ł,m, 22n,o). The next largest group are adzes – 7 specimens (Fig. 7ł, 13g,h,k, 14ł, 30h,i). Other bone tools included two perforators (Fig. 14k, 18i), two dagger fragments, which may originally have belonged to a single specimen (Fig. 13f), a point, (Fig. 14j), a punch (Fig. 7l), four fragments of indeterminate tools (Fig. 12a, 14h, 22m, 30g) and an amulet fashioned from a horse tooth (tusk) (Fig. 18n, table 7). All the analysed items are characterised by careful execution. They were produced from bone of both domesticated and wild animals (Table 8) (See Annex). Classification of bone tools into individual groups clearly shows that the morphology and properties of the bone material strictly conditioned their shape. The style of ceramic vessels places the Funnel Beaker settlement, site “Nad Wawrem at Złota, in the classical phase of development of the SE group. The set of Funnel Beaker pottery from the discussed settlement shows high homogeneity and should clearly be associated with the classical phase of the SE group of Funnel Beaker Culture, the Bronocice phase II (BR II), dated to the period between 3540–3340/3180 BC cal. (2900–2700/2600 bc conv.) (J. Kruk, S. Milisauskas 1983, 310), with which it shares the largest number of elements. A small number of features should be linked also with phases BR I and BR III. Features characteristic for phase BR II in evidence in the discussed material include: the slender form of vessels which taper near the base (Fig. 4h, 7k, 17a), sack-like vessels with an “arcade ornament of the rim (Fig. 4c, 22a), amphorae with a broad proportioned or biconical body with knee-shaped handles set at the greatest vessel diameter (Fig. 12n), collared flasks (Fig. 12j, 17c, 29d), amphorae with handles extended with plastic projections (Fig. 17l), small beakers with small arc-like cordons below the neck curve (Fig. 21e, 27d, 29k) and slender ansa lunata handles (Fig. 29m). The prevailing ornamentation technique are stamp impressions arranged into diverse motifs (Fig. 12d,h,i, 17f, 21a,b, 22b,e, 29a,f,g,ł). Analogically as in other assemblages associated to phase BR II sporadically encountered ornamentation includes engraved lines (Fig. 21e,j), and incisions (Fig. 17o, 29b). Also in terms of the manner of execution and preparation of the ceramic mass materials from the discussed settlement have their counterparts in phase BR II (B. Burchard 1977, 75; A. Kokowski 1995, 155; J. Kruk, S. Milisauskas 1981a, 89–92; 1983). Different categories of artifacts analysed in the study show traces of intensive use, damage and reworking. This probably sheds some light on t

2

Lipnice – a Historic-Geographic Portrait of a Vanished Village of Cheb Region (Bohemia)

75%

Heller W.

Historická geografie (Historical Geography)

|

2016

|

vol. 42

|

issue 1

83-112

EN

This paper focuses on a village in the Czech borderland: its beginnings in the Middle Ages as an agricultural settlement; its development as a thriving locality predominantly for mining and industry from the 18th to the 20th century; the consequences of the expulsion of its German population after World War II; the attempts of the new Czechoslovakian state to revive the locality by settling Czech re-emigrants from foreign countries in the village, and its destruction in the 1970s as a result of open-cast brown coal mining. The main lines of industry and protagonists of the village’s different historical periods are described in this paper. The village of Lipnice – located near Loket nad Ohří – is used as an example of the history of more than two thousand vanished communities in the Czech borderland.

3

Wyniki badań wykopaliskowych osady obronnej w Tarławkach, pow. węgorzewski

75%

Purowski T.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

|

2008

|

vol. LX

|

issue 60

335-360

EN

The site at Tarławki is situated ca 3.75 km west of Lake Mamry, NE Poland, on an elevation known as ‘Dziewicza Góra’ which rises over the surrounding forest (Fig. 1:1); both the upper (now almost completely lost to gravel extraction) and lower area of this elevation (Fig. 2) produced evidence of prehistoric occupation – site 1 A and 1 B, respectively. First recorded before World War II by German researchers, visited five years after end of the war by Polish archaeologists J. Antoniewicz and A. Gardawski, the site was excavated only in 1971 and 1973 by J. Okulicz and his team. Excavation was carried out in three research zones (Fig. 2): Zone I – north and central area of site 1B (Fig. 3); Zone II – south area of site 1B, north area of site 1A (Fig. 4); Zone III – south area of the elevation ‘Dziewicza Góra’ (Fig. 5). Features identified during excavation included 8 hearths, 15 pits, 3 (4) dwellings, 2 metallurgy ‘workshops’ (Fig. 15), a burial, remains of defences (Fig. 7–10) and 100 postholes (Fig. 6). Hearths were either sub-oval (5) or irregular (3) in outline. No. 2 and 16 may have been associated with larger dwelling structures. Pits differed in size and outline. Fragments of the two largest were revealed in plot O34 and P32-33, one of them interpreted tentatively as a fragment of the culture layer, the other, as part of a dwelling structure (feature no. 12). The smaller pits were round or oval in outline, others were rectangular. Because investigation was made in area lying outside the fortified settlement (very little of its inner area had survived) only a small number of dwelling features were identified: a raised dwelling (?) found in plot R18-P19, a 2.4×2.2 m ‘hut’ (feature no. 12) in plot P32-33, a part of which may have been feature no. 11 (identified as a pit), and a feature no. 26, a fragment of which was discovered in plot R36. This third dwelling, presumably sub-rectangular in outline, with a flat floor, and a vertical N wall, was interpreted as a pit dwelling which when dug, cut into the deteriorating rampart in a period where the defences in this area had fallen into disuse. Two features were associated with bronze metallurgy. No. 15 – rectangular in outline, with a flat floor – first occurred in plot P36 and continued to the east and north (Fig. 15). No. 25, a fragment of which was identified in plot R36-37, S36-37, was oval in outline (Fig. 15), had a flat floor and a curving western wall. The fill and of these two features and the area around them contained numerous finds associated with bronze metallurgy. The remains of defences, identified mainly on the south face of the elevation ‘Dziewicza Góra’, included the fragment of the top and outer face of a rampart (Fig. 7). This structure consisted of five strata. Layer I – humus (20 cm) and layer II – several levels of mixed clay, gravel and sand (ca 120–160 cm) in alignment with the sloping sides of the earthwork (Fig. 7, 8); these levels, which contained charcoal, potsherds and fragments of bones, presumably were taken from an earlier culture layers from within the settlement. Layer III: the remains of burnt timber and earth-and-timber, mostly defensive structures. The original structure of the rampart was reconstructed only tentatively basing on the limited evidence at hand: plot T51 produced traces of a timber crossed logs build which cut into the earth embankment of an older rampart (Fig. 8, 9). Presumably associated with layer III were traces of stakes driven vertically into the ground, identified in plot R52-53, most probably formed the first line of defences in the form of a stockade on the hill slope. Layer IV consisted of two pits (no. 34 and 37), visible in the section of the gravel mine filled with black earth mixed with charcoal and stones (Fig. 7). Their function is unclear. The remains of layer V identified in plot T51 consisted of a 120 cm wide ditch cutting ca 25 cm into the natural running parallel to the rim of the elevation. Into its flat bottom several lines of piles had been driven to form a stockade around the internal area of the settlement (Fig. 10). Other remains of defensive structures were identified on the north side of the settlement. A dark layer with diagonal bands of black earth discovered in plot R35-36 most probably may be linked with layer III of the rampart identified on the south face of elevation ‘Dziewicza Góra’. Other remains of what may have been a stockade were discovered in plot R36 – traces of sixty wooden stakes (Fig. 6), possibly, also in plots R33 and R17. South of the fortified settlement, in plot R53, between layers II and III (fire burnt) a pit (no. 31) contained bones of a child. This burial suggests that the settlement was abandoned some time after the fire. Small finds discovered at the settlement at Tarławki included pottery, objects associated with bronze metallurgy, ornaments and dress accessories, tools and implements, other items (Fig. 11–14, 16). Pottery (ca 20 000 fragments) was mostly from early Iron Age (only 50 specimens were medieval). Vessels, of clay tempered mostly by addition of red and/or white crushed rock, were built by coiling. Only a number of smaller pieces were moulded from one lump of clay. Where they survived vessel bases were mostly flat and indistinct, more rarely, round or rounded. The largest group of vessels were roughened all over or most of their surface or daubed with fingers (smoothing is noted occasionally only on the vessel lip and in a narrow band above the base), ovoid or S-shaped. Similar texture is seen in some bowls. Pieces smoothed all over their surface are much less numerous and include mainly bowls, as well as vases and biconical vessels, ovoid and S-shaped pots, mugs and jugs as well as sieve-like specimens and miniature vessels. An even smaller group of vessels have a smoother upper and roughened lower body. A very large group are flat dishes, often richly ornaments. In other groups of vessels ornamentation is less frequent and consists of vertical and oblique strokes in various patterns, finger and finger-nail impressions, rows of indentations or holes, plastic projections, applied bosses or cordons, mock-cordon ornament and stamped ornament. A handful of specimens were decorated by hatching or impressing of textiles. Objects associated with bronze metallurgy – 300 pieces (Fig. 13, 15) included a large number of fragments of lost-wax clay moulds used to produce bracelets and neckrings, 5 or 6 fragments of two- or three-part clay moulds used in production of small axes. Other finds evidently associated with bronze metallurgy included fragments of clay crucibles and bowls (Fig. 12:24, 13:26?.27.28), fragments of mould spouts (Fig. 13:15–20) and inlets (Fig. 13:21–25), clay ladles (A. Waluś 1982, fig. 1f) and stone polishers (Fig. 13:29, 17:6). Ornaments and dress accessories included a bronze ring (Fig. 16:2), blue glass bead, fragment of an iron wire earring with 2 glass beads, a bronze wire spiral of nine coils of salta leone type (Fig. 16:3), as well as at least 3 bone pins (Fig. 16:4, 17:3). Implements included a fragmented clay spindlewhorl (Fig. 16:6), clay weight (?) (Fig. 16:7), and loom weight (Fig. 16:10), 12 stone polishers and rubbers (Fig. 16:8.11), whetstone (Fig. 16:13), fragment of a polishing slab (?) (Fig. 16:12), fragment of a quernstone, 5 pieces of worked flint. Objects of bone and antler included mostly awls and perforators (Fig. 16:9); at least two needles (Fig. 16:5), a bone haft (Fig. 16:14), fragment of a hoe (or hammer) from red-deer antler (Fig. 17:2), a scraper made of bone (Fig. 17:1). Iron finds included an iron awl and fragments of two knives (Fig. 16:15), the latter, as shown by metallographic analysis, are probably medieval. Less easily interpreted finds are a small funnel-like object made of clay (Fig. 16:16), and a stone find with two pits made in both its longer faces (Fig. 17:4). Mainly on the basis of pottery finds the settlement at Tarławki was dated to phase I of West Balt Barrow Culture (acc. to Ł. Okulicz) to early or 1st stage of phase III (HaD – middle LT), and the following stages of occupation were distinguished. Stage I, open settlement, is represented mainly by the older of the two bronze ‘casting workshops’ (feature no. 15). It operated during phase I of West Balt Barrow Culture. In a later period at least the higher lying area of the elevation was fortified with a stockade. Its remains were discovered both in the S rampart (layer V) as well as in the E rampart (Fig. 1:3). The small set of pottery from this period includes diverse forms of pots and bows, also, cups and plates (Fig. 14:1–10), dated to phase I West Balt Barrow Culture. After some time the settlement was enclosed with an earth-and-timber rampart in a crossed logs build. Presumably it bounded a larger area than the earlier stockade since its traces were discovered in the south rampart (layer III), east rampart and apparently also in the plots R35-36 in research zone II. It is unclear whether features no. 34 and 37 (layer IV of S rampart) should be attributed to the same stage of occupation or interpreted as remains of a different defensive structure. Ceramic material recovered from them (Fig. 14:11–18) did not include feature vessels decorated with groups of alternating oblique strokes whereas finger and finger-nail impressed ornaments cover a smaller area than in specimens recovered from layer V. The surviving remains of the rampart indicate that the fortifications of layer III were destroyed by fire but that the site was reoccupied by the people of West Balt Barrow Culture – this is indicated by features no. 27 and 28, cut into the remains of burnt timbers, containing vessel forms with flat and round bases (Fig. 14:19–23). By the presence of these ceramics the two features were assigned to phase II of West Balt Barrow Culture. The second ‘bronze casting workshop’ (feature no. 25) was younger, apparently established not earlier than during phase II of West Balt Barrow Culture. Its size and rich ceramic assemblage (Fig. 14:24–33) indicate that the workshop continued over a longer time, presumably even during early phase III. The latest archaeological features discovered in Tarławki are pits no. 21, 22 and 26. Pit no. 26 cut into the crumbling earth embankment of the rampart and contained mostly featureless ceramics (Fig. 14:34–37).

4

Społeczności kultury pucharów lejkowatych na wyspie Wolin

63%

Matuszewska A.

Materiały Zachodniopomorskie

|

2016

|

vol. 12

77-124

EN

Abstract: The article is a summary of previous findings concerning the settlement of the Funnel Beaker culture on Wolin island. There is comprehensively characterized the palaeoenvironment of the region in question and these findings were used to determine the settlement preferences of the Funnel Beaker culture communities. The analysis of pottery material, mainly decoration motifs, allowed to establish that its majority should be associated with Wiórek phase, with a very modest share of the northern component (Gingst group).

Refine search results

2 Wiadomości Archeologiczne

1 Historická geografie (Historical Geography)

1 Materiały Zachodniopomorskie

1 Heller W.

1 Matraszek B.

1 Matuszewska A.

1 Purowski T.

2 2016

1 2008

1 2001

Osada kultury pucharów lejkowatych ze stan. Nad Wawrem w Złotej, gm. Samborzec, woj. świętokrzyskie

Lipnice – a Historic-Geographic Portrait of a Vanished Village of Cheb Region (Bohemia)

Wyniki badań wykopaliskowych osady obronnej w Tarławkach, pow. węgorzewski

Społeczności kultury pucharów lejkowatych na wyspie Wolin