Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 15

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  Sigismund III Vasa
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
EN
The objective of this paper is to present a very rare document – the articles of the Lwów confederation. Only a few such documents survived and only as copies because, after the conclusion of a confederation, its articles were publicly burned. Publication of these documents will allow the readers for familiarizing themselves with an interesting contribution to the knowledge of the military history of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, without the need for a preliminary survey in the holdings of The Princes Czartoryski Library in Cracow.
PL
Established under the Henrician Articles of 1573, the institution of Council of the Senate was supposed to be a standing advisory body to the rulers of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Over the first few decades of its existence, the monarchs did not respect the obligation to appoint resident senators as the Council’s members. This changed only in 1607, as a result of a conflict between the king and the estates and the Rebellion of Sandomierz – the events that mobilised the nobility to enforce the monarch to observe the law in this respect. Since the beginning of his reign, Ladislaus IV Vasa fairly readily convened meetings of the Council, at which its members expressed their opinions on the current problems. The deliberations were usually about the state’s foreign policy, the functioning and internal security of the state, the affairs of war and peace, the military and the treasury, the king’s or the royal family’s private affairs, the Commonwealth’s feoffs, and matters related to private affairs of members of the power elite. Resulting from the monarch’s actions that did not win popularity in the nobility-dominated society, the Chamber of Deputies started with time perceive the Council as an institution detrimental to the state’s interest. The Chamber consequently extort from the king and the senators the duty to read out the reports on the senatus consilia at the diet (sejm) forum. Consequently, the upper chamber’s position was weakened and the Council of the Senate politicised – a process that directly affected Poland-Lithuania’s political system, vastly contributing to its degeneration.
EN
The main aim of this study was to present the outstanding composition created by Bartłomiej Pękiela, Missa Pulcherrima, giving the historical, biographical, and stylistic context. The author succinctly depicted, first the historical background in which the composer lived and created, sketching the rulers of Poland of the time: Sigismund III, Vladislaus IV and John Casimir, against the important political events of the period. Having delivered the most up-to-date research, he carried on to a closer presentation of the composer himself, with a few biographical details, like these of his work as the Royal Choirmaster in Warsaw, and then the Cathedral Choirmaster at the Wawel Castle in Cracow. The author of this paper drew heavily on the studies made by eminent Polish musicologist, Rev. Hieronim Feicht (1894–1967), whose research on the biography and compositions of Bartłomiej Pękiel has not be rivaled so far by anything equally insightful and exhaustive. This study is an attempt to show Pękiel’s Missa Pulcherrima in the context of mass service compositions, proving that in its extraordinary composing and stylistic values it definitely differs from the other mass pieces by this composer written in the old style (stile antico). The said composition was created after 1655, when Pękiel moved from Warsaw to Cracow so as to undertake the position of the Cathedral Choirmaster at the Wawel Castle. Most probably, it was his last composition. A liable review of Bartłomiej Pekiel’s Missa Pulcherrima was rendered by expert in the Old Polish Music, Ewa Obniska: “Without doubt, it is the most outstanding old Polish mass, the stunning composition of outstanding artistry and unparalleled subtlety of melodic side […] the most tremendous religious masterpiece of the Polish Baroque – amongst those few which have lost nothing of their influential power despite centuries passing”.
PL
The main aim of this study was to present the outstanding composition created by Bartłomiej Pękiela, Missa Pulcherrima, giving the historical, biographical, and stylistic context. The author succinctly depicted, first the historical background in which the composer lived and created, sketching the rulers of Poland of the time: Sigismund III, Vladislaus IV and John Casimir, against the important political events of the period. Having delivered the most up-to-date research, he carried on to a closer presentation of the composer himself, with a few biographical details, like these of his work as the Royal Choirmaster in Warsaw, and then the Cathedral Choirmaster at the Wawel Castle in Cracow. The author of this paper drew heavily on the studies made by eminent Polish musicologist, Rev. Hieronim Feicht (1894–1967), whose research on the biography and compositions of Bartłomiej Pękiel has not be rivaled so far by anything equally insightful and exhaustive. This study is an attempt to show Pękiel’s Missa Pulcherrima in the context of mass service compositions, proving that in its extraordinary composing and stylistic values it definitely differs from the other mass pieces by this composer written in the old style (stile antico). The said composition was created after 1655, when Pękiel moved from Warsaw to Cracow so as to undertake the position of the Cathedral Choirmaster at the Wawel Castle. Most probably, it was his last composition. A liable review of Bartłomiej Pekiel’s Missa Pulcherrima was rendered by expert in the Old Polish Music, Ewa Obniska: “Without doubt, it is the most outstanding old Polish mass, the stunning composition of outstanding artistry and unparalleled subtlety of melodic side […] the most tremendous religious masterpiece of the Polish Baroque – amongst those few which have lost nothing of their influential power despite centuries passing”.
EN
The article focuses on the issue of the composition between the estates during the Sandomierz Rebellion (Rokosz) (1606–09). The postulate to resolve the most critical points of contention between the Roman Catholic clergy and the nobility, raised many times before the conflict, was in the years 1606–09 one of the elements of the program both of Sigismund III’s opponents and of the King’s supporters. The article analyses the efforts made by all interested parties to implement the compositio during the civil war and on this basis, determines why it was not adopted.
PL
Przedmiotem badań w niniejszym artykule jest problematyka kompozycji między stanami w czasie rokoszu sandomierskiego (1606–1609). Postulat rozstrzygnięcia najważniejszych punktów spornych między duchowieństwem a świeckimi, podnoszony wielokrotnie przed rokoszem, był w latach 1606–1609 jednym z elementów programu zarówno przeciwników króla, jak i stronników Zygmunta III. W artykule zanalizowano zabiegi podejmowane o realizację kompozycji w czasie wojny domowej przez wszystkie zainteresowane strony i na tej podstawie ustalono, dlaczego nie doszło do jej uchwalenia.
Zapiski Historyczne
|
2021
|
vol. 86
|
issue 3
139-158
EN
The discussion article provides an analysis of a book recently published by Wojciech Krawczuk entitled Records and Regesta of the German Expedition of the Royal Swedish Chancery of King Sigismund III of the Years 1597–1600. The book contains a source edition of the minutes of the royal chancery of Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania (1587–1632), and King of Sweden (he retained power in 1592–1599), written around 1600, which has been supplemented by extensive regesta prepared by the editor. This discussion article evaluates this form of providing access to the contents of primary sources against the background of similar source editions consisting of records created by other royal chanceries, namely the chancery of the Kingdom of Poland, the chancery of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the chancery of the dukes of Mazovia. It is noteworthy that increasingly more archival materials are made available online through the websites of various archives and other institutions that preserve historical documents. In view of the growing trend to digitalize primary sources and make them available online, the idea of publishing complete source editions including full source texts, which began at the beginning of the twentieth century, seems unjustified nowadays. Currently, the solution proposed by Wojciech Krawczuk, based on the publication of regesta, appears to be the most favourable. Perhaps it would be appropriate to link the published regesta even more closely to the digitized archival materials by providing each one of them with a link or QR code that would refer to the website hosting the relevant digitalized source. The content of the documents included in the reviewed book differs significantly from the content of the records created by the chanceries of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Swedish documents are dominated by current affairs, primarily concerning military and diplomatic issues, and include much fewer normative acts, such as appointments to offices and bestowals of landed property.
PL
Abstrakt Królewicz Kazimierz Waza wychowywał się na dworze swego ojca Zygmunta III w atmosferze pogłębionej pobożności. Skutkiem tego było jego wstąpienie do zakonu jezuitów. Królewicz ostatecznie opuścił klasztor i sięgnął po koronę królewską. Do życia zakonnego powrócił po swej abdykacji. Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje dzieła sztuki upamiętniające związki Jana Kazimierza z życiem zakonnym. Wśród nielicznej grupy są: emblemat, medal i ryciny, a także nagrobek Jana Kazimierza w Paryżu. Wszystkie te obiekty są świadectwem głębokiej pobożności Jana Kazimierza.
EN
The young Casimir Vasa was brought up at the court of his father, Sigismund III Vasa, in the atmosphere of great devotion, which made him enter the order of Jesuits. Even though he decided to leave the monastery and to take the Polish crown, he came back to the life of a monk after his abdication. The present paper presents the very few pieces of art commemorating the monastic life of John Casimir: an emblem, a medal, some prints and his tomb in Paris. All those objects demonstrate the deep piety of the king.
EN
The article talks about three visits paid in 1609, 1611 and 1612 by prince Janusz Radziwiłł and Daniel Naborowski – one of the most eminent poets of the Polish Baroque – at the court of king James I in London. These visits were related to the wedding plans – Władysław IV Vasa, son of king Sigismund III Vasa, was supposed to marry English princess Elizabeth Stuart. In her honour Naborowski wrote a famous poem entitled Na oczy królewny angielskiej (For English Princess’ Eyes). During the second visit at the English court, 1st November 1611, Radziwiłł and Naborowski were probably watching the staging of Shakespeare’s The Tempest in the Banqueting House in the Palace of Whitehall. The author of the article points out a possible source of Shakespeare’s play which was a text written by a Polish humanist Marcin Kromer, widely known in Europe of those times thanks to its latin translation. Kromer’s text described a story of young prince Sigismund (the future king Sigismund III Vasa) who was born on an island in Malårm Lake where Eric XIV of Sweden imprisoned his parents: Eric’s brother John III of Sweden and his wife Catherine Jagiellon. A Polish poet Daniel Naborowski might have seen and possibly met William Shakespeare.
Res Historica
|
2023
|
issue 56
89-150
EN
The article concerns one of the most important Orthodox noble leaders in the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Ławryn Drewiński. He was one of the most outstanding parliamentarians of the Old Polish era. He participated in 15 parliamentary assemblies. He became famous for his expressive speeches in the parliamentary forum (especially in 1620 and 1621) in defense of the Orthodox Church, which after the conclusion of the Union of Brest (1596) had to compete with the Uniate Church for the preservation of previously held freedoms and privileges. Drewiński was a deputy from the Volyn voivodeship, whose sejmik, during the reign of Sigismund III Vasa, most often spoke about religious matters, consistently advocating for religious tolerance. He played an outstanding role during the interregnum of 1632, when the Orthodox managed (largely thanks to the determination of the king-elect Władysław IV Vasa) to regain some of the bishoprics, and then also a number of churches, previously taken over by the Uniates. Despite his consistent stance of fidelity to Orthodoxy, in 1629 he actively supported the attempt to build a union between the Orthodox Church and Uniates in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Drewiński was also one of the most active activists of the Orthodox brotherhoods in the times of Sigismund III, seeing them as an opportunity for the spiritual and intellectual revival of Orthodoxy in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite the emphasized Ruthenian origin, Drewiński was also to some extent polonized. In public activities, he used the Polish language. Like his father Basil, he was a supporter of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, while at the same time being an opponent of involving Moscow in the fight for the restoration of the Orthodox Church in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (after the Union of Brest).
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest postaci jednego z najważniejszych prawosławnych liderów szlacheckich w czasach Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów – Ławrynowi Drewińskiemu. Był on jednocześnie jednym z najwybitniejszych parlamentarzystów epoki staropolskiej. Uczestniczył w 15 sejmach. Zasłynął z wyrazistych mów wygłaszanych na forum parlamentarnym (zwłaszcza w latach 1620 i 1621) w obronie prawosławia, które po zawarciu unii brzeskiej (1596) musiało rywalizować o zachowanie wcześniej posiadanych wolności i przywilejów z Cerkwią unicką. Drewiński był posłem z województwa wołyńskiego, którego sejmik w okresie panowania Zygmunta III Wazy najczęściej zabierał głos w sprawach wyznaniowych, konsekwentnie opowiadając się za zachowaniem tolerancji religijnej. Odegrał wybitną rolę w okresie bezkrólewia 1632 r., gdy prawosławnym udało się (w znacznej mierze dzięki determinacji króla-elekta Władysława IV Wazy) doprowadzić do odzyskania części władyctw, a potem także szeregu cerkwi, wcześniej przejętych przez unitów. Mimo zajmowanej konsekwentnej postawy wierności wobec prawosławia, w 1629 r. włączył się aktywnie w próbę budowania unii pomiędzy prawosławnymi i unitami. Drewiński należał też do najbardziej czynnych działaczy bractw prawosławnych w czasach Zygmunta III, widząc w nich szansę na duchowe i intelektualne odrodzenie prawosławia w Rzeczypospolitej. Mimo podkreślanego ruskiego pochodzenia Drewiński uległ też w pewnej mierze polonizacji. W działalności publicznej posługiwał się językiem polskim. Tak jak ojciec Bazyli, był zwolennikiem unii polsko-litewskiej, jednocześnie będąc przeciwnikiem wciągania Moskwy do walki o przywrócenie praw prawosławnym w Rzeczypospolitej.
EN
In her article, Aleksandra Barwicka-Makula discusses King Sigismund III in the role of a father. She analyses this monarch’s attitude to the offspring born from his marriage to Anna Habsburg and focuses on the period after the death of his first wife, which provides an opportunity to present how the king fulfilled the task of a single father and what emotions accompanied his fulfilment of this task. A characteristic feature of Sigismund III’s upbringing style is that it was based on Habsburg models, developed at the Graz court by Archduchess Maria of Bavaria. The monarch consciously sought to strengthen family ties with the Styrian Habsburgs. In his will of May 19th, 1598, he appointed his mother-in-law and his brother-in-law, Archduke Ferdinand, later to become the emperor, as legal guardians of his offspring in the event of his own death. He hoped that his active contacts with the court in Graz, and through it with other European courts, would in future provide his children with appropriate connections to enable them to reach high dignities and honors.
PL
W artykule ukazano króla Zygmunta III w roli ojca i jego stosunek do potomstwa zrodzonego z małżeństwa z Anną Habsburżanką. Skoncentrowano się na okresie po śmierci pierwszej małżonki monarchy, co pozwoliło pokazać, jak król wypełniał zadania samotnego ojca i jakie emocje temu towarzyszyły. Omówiono również główne zadania stojące przed królewskim ojcem, takie jak: wybór dla dziecka imienia i rodziców chrzestnych oraz modelu wychowania, wyznaczenie opiekunów i wychowawców, a także zaplanowanie przyszłości dzieci przez zacieśnianie więzów rodzinnych z najważniejszymi rodami panującymi Europy.
EN
The article discusses the attitude of senators to religious matters at the Sejm in 1597. It was an extremely turbulent assembly, the first one after the conclusion of the Brest Union. It shows the great commotion that this act caused in the multinational society of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The defence of Orthodoxy by Protestants also showed an alliance between dissidents. In the history of this alliance, the Sejm I am analysing occupies a special place, because for the first time in its forum there was cooperation between Orthodox and Protestants in defense of the Warsaw confederation concluded in 1573. Thanks to the use of Sejm diaries, correspondence and written newspapers, I present Sejm speeches of senators during the sessions of the Sejm. Their juxtaposition makes it possible to state that this issue played a significant role in the internal politics of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at the end of the 16th century.
PL
Artykuł omawia stosunek senatorów do spraw wyznaniowych na sejmie w 1597 r. Było to niezwykle burzliwe zgromadzenie, pierwsze po zawarciu unii brzeskiej (1596). Pokazuje duże poruszenie, jakie wywołał ów akt w wielonarodowym społeczeństwie Rzeczypospolitej polsko-litewskiej. Obrona prawosławia podczas obrad sejmu przez protestantów ukazywała również sojusz między dysydentami. W jego dziejach analizowany przeze mnie sejm zajmuje miejsce szczególne, po raz pierwszy bowiem na jego forum doszło do współpracy między prawosławnymi a protestantami w obronie konfederacji warszawskiej zawartej w 1573 r. Nie było to przypadkowe i doraźne łączenie sił w momencie zagrożenia swobód wyznaniowych, ale długofalowa i dobrze przemyślana strategia, obejmująca pełen wachlarz działań.
EN
In an account of his 1597 stay in Kraków, Giovanni Paolo Mucante reports that Hieronim Powodowski had discovered, sometime earlier, a piece of parchment containing record of a text then unknown in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Omni die dic Mariae, and addressed the royal Kapellmeister (Krzysztof Klabon) with a request to set it to music. He then had the work printed. The four-part musical setting, complete with a Polish translation by Stanisław Grochowski and Przecław Mojecki, was published without naming the music composer, in 1598 in Cracow. The ‘Staniątki Cantionals’ include anonymous records of this piece, probably made before it was printed. In 1601, King Sigismund III Vasa and the Vilnius Catholic church hierarchs undertook efforts to have Prince Casimir Jagiellon entered in the Roman calendar, which would be tantamount to the so-called equipollent canonisation. This led to a brief issued by Pope Clement VIII (1602), which, however, only permitted the cult of St Casimir in Poland, Lithuania, and the dependent countries. On this basis, celebrations in honour of St Casimir were organised in Vilnius (1604) and described by canon Grzegorz Święcicki in his Theatrum S. Casimiri, published in the same year. It contains, among others, the text of ‘Omni die dic Mariae’, referred to in the Theatrum as a prayer composed by St Casimir himself, with the information that it was found next to his grave. From that time onwards, numerous editions of the Latin text and its translations began to appear, along with new musical settings variously described as St Casimir’s hymn or prayer, frequently – as a hymn composed by St Casimir. These publications, similarly as printed lives of the saint and his images, served to revive the cult, which had waned to some extent in the sixteenth century. The cult was important for the aim of having Prince Casimir eventually named as a saint of the universal Church, which, as demonstrated by the documents quoted in this paper, continued to be the subject of King Sigismund III’s and the Vilnius bishops’ efforts, eventually crowned with success in 1621.
PL
W relacji z pobytu w Krakowie w 1597 r. Giovanni Paolo Mucante poinformował, że Hieronim Powodowski jakiś czas wcześniej odnalazł pergamin z zapisem nieznanego wówczas w Rzeczpospolitej tekstu Omni die dic Mariae i poprosił kapelmistrza królewskiego (Krzysztofa Klabona) o napisanie do niego muzyki, a następnie dał utwór do druku. Czterogłosowe opracowanie muzyczne tekstu, opatrzone polskim tłumaczeniem Stanisława Grochowskiego i Przecława Mojeckiego, bez wskazania autora muzyki, zostało wydane w Krakowie w 1598 r. Kancjonały staniąteckie zawierają anonimowe zapisy tego utworu, które powstały zapewne przed ukazaniem się druku. W 1601 r. król Zygmunt III wraz z wileńskimi hierarchami Kościoła katolickiego podjęli starania o wprowadzenie przez papieża Klemensa VIII Kazimierza Jagiellończyka do kalendarza rzymskiego, co stanowiłoby jego tzw. kanonizację równoznaczną. Efektem tych działań było brewe Klemensa VIII z 1602 r., które zawierało jedynie zgodę na kult św. Kazimierza w Polsce, na Litwie i w krajach podległych. Na tej podstawie urządzono jednak w 1604 r. w Wilnie uroczystości ku czci św. Kazimierza. Zostały one opisane przez kanonika Grzegorza Święcickiego w wydanym w tym samym roku Theatrum S. Casimiri. W publikacji tej Święcicki zawarł m.in. także tekst Omni die dic Mariae, nazywając go modlitwą ułożoną przez św. Kazimierza i informując, że została ona odnaleziona przy jego grobie. Od tego czasu zaczęły się ukazywać liczne edycje tekstu łacińskiego i jego tłumaczeń oraz nowe opracowania muzyczne określane jako hymn lub modlitwa św. Kazimierza, a często też jako hymn ułożony przez św. Kazimierza. Te publikacje, podobnie jak wydawane żywoty św. Kazimierza czy jego wizerunki, miały służyć rozbudzeniu przygasłego w XVI w. kultu, istotnego dla osiągnięcia celu, jakim było ostateczne uznanie Kazimierza Jagiellończyka za świętego w Kościele powszechnym, o co, jak pokazują przytaczane w artykule dokumenty, Zygmunt III i biskupi wileńscy nadal się starali i co osiągnęli w 1621 r.      
EN
In the year 1626–1629 Poland was at war with Sweden. This fact is well known as dominium Maris Baltici. Gustav II Adolf, the king of Sweden, was looking for a pretext for attacking the southern coast of Baltic See. The best argument to prepare this invasion was the Polish king’s (Sigismund III Vasa) plans for the recovery the Swedish crown. At the beginning of this war the Polish king personally led the military but the first defeats forced Sigismund to transfer command Stanislaus Koniecpolski. Hetman Koniecpolski was very experienced commander, considering his young age. He was gaining experience by fighting against Cossacks and Tatars. Numerous wars turned in Ukraine have been very useful in the fight against the Swedes.The writings of Stanislaus Koniecpolski reveal the internal situation in Poland in the first half of the 17th century. In the letters to the king and other dignitaries Koniecpolski describes the military situation. However we can come to the conclusion that these letter concern for the good of the country. Hetman Koniecpolski was aware of the problems of Poland for example inefficient tax collection or fact that the Polish nobility was not committed to the war. Sensitive to these issues informed about them the most important dignitaries in the country.
PL
W latach 1626–1629 Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów prowadziła wojnę z Królestwem Szwedzkim. Wojna ta była częścią szerszej realizacji znanej jako dominium Maris Baltici. Gustaw II Adolf, król Szwecji, szukając pretekstu do inwazji na południowe wybrzeże Bałtyku, posłużył się roszczeniami Zygmunta III do szwedzkiej korony. Na początku wojny król Zygmunt III Waza osobiście dowodził armią, jednak po serii porażek zmuszony został wezwać Stanisława Koniecpolskiego. Hetman Koniecpolski mimo młodego wieku był już doświadczonym dowódcą. Doświadczenie to zdobył walcząc zarówno z Kozakami, jak i Tatarami. Liczne potyczki na stepach Ukrainy zostały następnie wykorzystanie w walce ze Szwedami.W pismach Stanisława Koniecpolskiego ukazana jest sytuacja wewnętrzna Rzeczpospolitej w pierwszej połowie XVII w. W listach do króla i innych ważnych dygnitarzy państwowych Koniecpolski opisuje nie tylko sytuację militarną. W pismach tych widoczna jest wyraźna troska o dobro kraju. Hetman zdawał sobie sprawę z wewnętrznych problemów państwa, takich jak nieefektywny system poboru podatków i brak zainteresowania szlachty toczącą się wojną. Wrażliwy na te problemy informował o nich najważniejszych dostojników państwowych.
15
44%
EN
The Lithuanian Chancellor, Lev Sapieha, effectively controlled the policy of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth towards the Muscovite state from the beginning of his career. This was especially visible during the Time of Troubles, when at the expense of the interests of Sigismund III and the Tsar-elect, prince Wladyslaw, he reinforced the position of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and muscovite policy. The article, based on unused and unknown before source documents, outlines Sapieha’s activity in the final stage of the Time of Troubles - the Moscow expedition of Prince Wladyslaw in 1617-1618.
PL
Kanclerz litewski Lew Sapieha od początku swojej kariery urzędniczej skutecznie kontrolował politykę Rzeczypospolitej wobec państwa moskiewskiego. Uwidoczniło się to zwłaszcza w czasie moskiewskiej smuty, kiedy kosztem interesów Zygmunta III i cara-elekta, królewicza Władysława, forsował on wzmocnienie pozycji Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego w ramach polsko-litewskiego państwa i polityki moskiewskiej. W artykule, opartym o niewykorzystywane i nieznane dokumenty źródłowe, została zarysowana działalność Sapiehy w końcowej fazie smuty moskiewskiej – ekspedycji królewicza Władysława z lat 1617-1618.
RU
Канцлер ВКЛ Лев Сапега с самого начала своей официальной карьеры эффективно контролировал политику Речи Посполитой в отношении Московского государства. Особенно это проявилось во время Смуты, когда за счет интересов Сигизмунда III и избранного царя, королевича Владислава он форсировал усиление позиций Великого княжества Литовского в польско-литовском государстве и реляциях с Московским государством. В статье, основанной на неиспользованных и неизвестных первоисточниках, рассказывается о деятельности Сапеги на последнем этапе Смуты – московском походе королевича Владислава в 1617-1618 годах.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.