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The Battle of the Skamander

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EN
The article offers a reconstruction of the text-based fight between Adolf Nowaczyński and Antoni Słonimski. It was not, as it is argued here, only a contest of styles and temperaments – though this exchange proved one of the most impressive, powerful, and dramatic polemics of that time in terms of articulation. However, it stemmed from a long history of tumultuous contacts which offered an amplified view of the problems of identity (Jewishness), politics, and community. A comprehensive view of the combat between Nowaczyński and Słonimski requires both an analysis of the rhetorics of the texts and an investigation into the context and dynamics of publication.
EN
The paper reflects on how Zuzanna Ginczanka, dubbed ‘Tuwim in a dress’ by Adam Ważyk, was finding her way – both as a woman and, above, as a poet – in the literary, cabaret world of Julian Tuwim, Jan Lechoń, or Antoni Słonimski. The paper focuses on the satirical output of the poet, which is why the author chose two works – namely Pochwała snobów (In Praise of Snobs) and Damskie kłopoty (Feminine Trouble) – as the basis for the analysis.
EN
The article aims to show the difficulties which might be encountered by the translator who resolves to translate the poetry of the members of the literary group Skamander, whose poems are characterized by a unique mastery of language and a specific poetic strategy based on the description of the surrounding reality. The contrastive study of the source texts and their translations into Spanish will show to what extent the translators understood the uniqueness of Skamander’s poetry and if they managed to convey reality they depict to the Spanish reader. The aim of such a juxtaposition is to determine whether the translation choices made by the translators reveal their awareness of the specific formal and stylistic structure of poems, deriving from the strategy employed by the poets. A starting point for the study is the theory of translation as “the experience of the foreign” put forward by Antoine Berman. The examination of twelve tendencies which deform the source text, allows to verify if and to what extent the translators of Skamander’s poetry made it possible for the Spanish-language reader to “experience the foreign” reality depicted in the source texts.
EN
The aim of the paper is to present preliminary research results on the sight-centrism of the poetry written by Zuzanna Ginczanka. The author of the article draws attention to a paradox: it is the sight that is favoured in Ginczanka’s poems, and sight is traditionally perceived as ‘masculine’, intellectual, as opposed to ‘feminine’ senses that are more focused on touch. One of the more important features of sight-centrism in Ginczanka’s works is the observation of hues which may be found in the world. The paper investigates whether colours in this poetry change after the author of Of Centaurus moves to Warsaw. The consistency of poetic imagery placing the human being in natural landscapes rather than the urban space forces the researcher to reflect on the affiliation of Ginczanka with the Skamander group.
EN
The paper focuses on the figure of Maria Morska, a reciter dubbed “Skamander muse”, who had a versatile and multifaceted impact on the literary circles of her day. I am conducting the quest for the artist (elusive today in the face of scarce biographical sources) through interpreting the poems for which she was a magnet and a centre (i.e. Inwokacja by Antoni Słonimski and Groteska by Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz). The image of Morska emerging from them presents a very original figure: one that was admired and received intensely. The poetic inscriptions of the impression which the Skamander muse made often bring to mind the reception of works of art. Morska refines commonness into a metaphor. Her literary image is a testimony to a moment of delight, dazzle, and – perhaps more importantly – spontaneous, artistic co-participation. She inspires one to look for pseudonyms and roles which would be capable of expressing the impression that accompanied her – one of changeability, glimmer, being different, never being the same.
PL
Artykuł koncentruje się wokół tematu przekonań politycznych Jana Lechonia podczas nowojorskiej emigracji poety, ujawniających się zarówno w twórczości literackiej, jak w listach i Dzienniku. Najważniejszymi elementami politycznej postawy autora Srebrnego i czarnego były w tych latach zdecydowany antykomunizm, krytyczna ocena działań rządu emigracyjnego, deklarowany zachwyt Ameryką oraz nostalgia za czasami międzywojennymi (idealizacja Józefa Piłsudskiego). Opisywane przekonania poety wywierały istotny wpływ na jego życie osobiste, o czym przekonuje motywowane politycznie zerwanie wieloletniej znajomości z Julianem Tuwimem. Ważnym problemem jest umiejscowienie wśród przyczyn samobójstwa Lechonia wielokrotnie przez niego wyrażanego braku akceptacji dla przemian politycznych w Polsce.
EN
The article focusses on Jan Lechoń’s political views after he emigrated to New York. These opinions could be found in literary works, as well as in letters and the Journal. The most important elements of political views of the author of Silver and black were: blatant anticommunism, critical assessment of the Polish emigration government, openly expressed admiration for America and nostalgia towards the interbellum (idealizing Józef Piłsudski). His views had a significant influence on his personal life, as exemplified by his politically motivated ending of his long-lasting friendship with Julian Tuwim. One of the most important issues is where to classify Lechoń’s often expressed opposition towards the political changes in Poland among the reasons for his suicide.
EN
French-speaking Belgium between WW1 and WW2 was very interested in the new states that emerged in Central and Eastern Europe after the fall of the German, Austrian and Russian Empires. Poland in particular was the subject of much attention. Examples include the creation, under the auspices of the Polish government, of the first Belgian chair of Slavic studies in 1926, which was held by a Pole, Wacław Lednicki; Polish writers’ visits to Brussels (Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz, Jan Lechoń) as part of the activities organized by the Belgian PEN Club; the presence of Polish authors, classical or contemporary, in several French-speaking Belgian journals such as Le flambeau and Journal des poètes; the mediation work done by the writer Robert Vivier — to whom we owe some translations of contemporary Polish poets — or the hellenist Henri Grégoire, who sometimes put aside his own discipline — Byzantine studies — to translate and present Polish writers (among others Adam Mickiewicz and Juliusz Słowacki). In this article, I study and relate these events — which arguably prepared the ground for post-war years marked by the presence in Brussels of well-known polonists such as Claude Backvis and Alain Van Crugten — in order to sketch a picture of the reception, in the 1920’s and the 1930’s, of Polish literature in French-speaking Belgium.
EN
Laughter in the comedies of the Skamander environment. Functions and types The author based on three works created in the Skamander environment, Złodziej idealny ["The Ideal Thief"] Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz (written in 1923-1924), Powrót mamy ["Mother's Return"] (1935) and Baba-Dziwo (1938) by Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska, showed various types and functions of laughter. In the presented world, she found manifestations of somatic laughter, expressing the joy of life or madness, and committed, possessing the power to change reality and break down the existing forms. The heroes also use laughter as masks, covering surprise, fear or embarrassment. In this way, they transform the controversy into a conversation. They also refer to the social role of laughter, to create a community, define its boundaries, establish the group's personal status or agree on attitudes and behaviors. Literary images of laughing people have also become examples of cultural laughter, which is why the author showed the comedic work of the Skamander community in the context of the practices of Young Poland and the Interwar period. At the same time, she opposed bringing the Skandiric "gesture of laughter" exclusively to joyful self-acceptance.  
DE
Anhand von drei Theaterstücken der Dichtergruppe Skamander: Złodziej idealny [Der ideale Dieb] (1923–1924) von Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz, Powrót mamy [Die Rückkehr der Mutter] (1935) und Baba-Dziwo [Der Sonderling] (1938) von Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska werden verschiedene Arten und Funktionen des Lachens fokussiert. In der darge-stellten Welt fand die Autorin Manifestationen des somatischen Lachens, als Ausdruck der Lebensfreude oder des Wahnsinns, und des engagierten Lachens, das die Kraft besitzt, die Realität zu verändern und die vorhandenen Formen aufzubrechen. Die Figuren benutzen das Lachen auch als Maske, um Überraschung, Angst oder Verlegenheit zu verbergen. Auf diese Weise machen sie aus einer Kontroverse eine Konversation. Die dargestellten Personen nut-zen auch die soziale Rolle des Lachens, um eine Gemeinschaft zu schaffen, ihre Grenzen zu definieren, den persönlichen Status der Gruppe zu bestimmen oder sich auf Einstellungen und Verhaltensweisen zu einigen.Die literarischen Bilder von lachenden Menschen bilden Beispiele für das kulturelle Lachen, weshalb die Autorin die Komödien der Dichtergruppe Skamander vor dem Hintergrund der literarischen Praktiken des Jungen Polens und der Zwanziger Jahre darstellte, und wendet sich dagegen, Skamanders „Lachgestus“ ausschließlich auf freudige Selbstakzeptanz zu reduzieren.
PL
Na podstawie trzech sztuk powstałych w środowisku skamandryckim, Złodzieja idealnego Jarosława Iwaszkiewicza (napisanego w latach 1923–1924), Powrotu mamy (1935) oraz Baby-Dziwo (1938) Marii Pawlikowskiej-Jasnorzewskiej zostały pokazane różnorodne rodzaje i funkcje śmiechu. W świecie przedstawionym odnalezione zostały przejawy śmiechu somatycznego, wyrażającego radość życia albo szaleństwo, oraz zaangażowanego, posiadającego moc zmiany rzeczywistości i rozbijania zastanych form. Bohaterowie używają śmiechu również jako maski, przykrywając zaskoczenie, strach czy zażenowanie. W ten sposób przemieniają kontrowersję w konwersację. Postacie sięgają również po społeczną rolę śmiechu, by tworzyć wspólnotę, określić jej granice, ustalić stan osobowy grupy albo uzgodnić postawy i zachowania. Literackie obrazy osób śmiejących się stały się jednocześnie przykładami śmiechu kulturowego, dlatego komediowa twórczość środowiska skamandrytów pokazana została na tle praktyk Młodej Polski oraz Dwudziestolecia. Jednocześnie odrzucone zostało sprowadzanie skamandryckiego „gestu śmiechu” wyłącznie do radosnej samoakceptacji.  
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