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Ku předu, ženy! Reprezentace feminity na stránkách Ženských novin před obecními volbami 1919

100%

Fousková M.

Střed. Časopis pro mezioborová studia Střední Evropy 19. a 20. století. / Centre. Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies of Central Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries.

2013

vol. 5

issue 2

30-56

The article analyses election campaign in the Czech Social Democratic Women’s Newspaper before the municipal elections in June 1919. The municipal elections were the first opportunity for Czech women to exercise their new right to vote, and as such, presented a new challenge for political parties that had to find ways to appeal to their new female voters. The Women’s Newspaper started to be published in January 1919 and served the dual purpose of educating poor women and mobilizing them for Social Democracy. It built on communication and argumentation strategies employed in the socialist women’s movement before the war: motherhood as an argument for the political participation of women, valorisation of domestic tasks. It used the war experience to reassert women’s right to political participation, buttress their self-esteem and above all, to mobilize women against the parties who were supposedly responsible for the disaster of the war and/or who profited from the war: the bourgeois, wealthy farmers and landowners and the Catholic Church. It offered their readers normative representations of women and women’s political activity which were based upon the image of woman as a mother who wants to work selflessly for the good of the nation (the working class). However, the paper paid close attention to the actual socio-economic needs of poor women, though it framed those needs as matters of the public good. Negative images of class adversaries, who were often represented as women, served to bolster poor women’s class solidarity over any possible gender solidarity. These images were built using explicitly gendered critique of these female adversaries for failing to meet the norms of femininity: bourgeois women were presented as selfish and uncaring mothers; wealthy farmer’s wives as greedy women who placed money over the lives of children. Thus was the language of gender used to assert the moral superiority of poor working women and to strengthen women’s solidarity within and with the working class.

Norweska droga do dobrobytu. Rola Socjaldemokratów

72%

Lieder W.

Zeszyty Naukowe Zbliżenia Cywilizacyjne

2014

vol. 10

237-257

mieście, które każdego znaczyć piętnem swym musi…” – takim opisem norweskiej stolicy końca XIX wieku wybitny pisarz norweski, noblista Knut Hamsun, rozpoczął swoje dzieło pt. Głód (norw. Sult). Powieść jest głęboką analizą ludzkiej psychiki w warunkach głodu i walki o byt w ówczesnym Oslo. Twórczość Hamsuna w dużej mierze odnosiła się do ciężkiej sytuacji bytowej mieszkańców tego skandynawskiego kraju. Jeszcze w końcu XIX wieku Norwegia niejednokrotnie doświadczała głodu, biedy, wysokiego wskaźnika wychodźstwa (zwłaszcza do USA). Ten najbardziej na północ wysunięty kraj skandynawski był jednym z najbiedniejszych i najbardziej zacofanych w Europie. Ciąg wydarzeń, zjawisk, procesów jakie zaszły w tym nordyckim państwie oraz czynniki zewnętrzne, sprzyjające rozwojowi Norwegii, przyczyniły się do tego, iż dziś słowo ubóstwo, będące przez wiele stuleci synonimem tego skandynawskiego kraju, stało się jego antonimem. Niepodważalną rolę w budowaniu norweskiego dobrobytu miała Norweska Partia Pracy (DnA), której decyzje polityczne stały się na tyle trafne, iż można dziś mówić o norweskim modelu państwa opiekuńczego.

“It was during the time I wandere d about and starved in Christiania: Christiania, this singular city, from which no man departs without carrying away the traces of his sojourn there” – with this description of the Norwegian capital city of the late nineteenth century, Knut Hamsun, a prominent Norwegian writer and a Nobel laureate, began his opus entitled Hunger (Sult). This novel is a profound analysis of the human psyche set in circumstances of great hunger and struggle for survival in Hamsun’s contemporary Oslo. Today, the writer is regarded as the forerunner of the modernist trends in the psychological novel genre. However, Hunger is not an exception, as most of Hamsun’s work is widely related to the severe living conditions of the inhabitants of this Scandinavian country. Even before the outbreak of World War II, famine, poverty, high emigration rates (especially to the U.S.) were considered common phenomena. Norway was one of the poorest and most backward countries in Europe. The sequence of events, phenomena and processes that have taken place in this Nordic country, together with external factors conducive to Norway’s development, contributed to the fact, that nowadays the word poverty, which was for many centuries synonymous with this Scandinavian country, became its antonym. Today, Norway is considered by many scholars as one of the best countries to live in (this is corroborated by the top ranks which Norway achieved e.g. in the Human Development Index – first place in 1995, 2000-2006, 2009-2012), which arouses the perfectly understandable admiration. Therefore, it seems reasonable to ask a question about the mechanisms and processes that within only a single generation time span allowed the Norwegians to achieve such rapid progress, and climb to the top of the rankings of countries with the highest degree of development in the subsequent years.

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1 Střed. Časopis pro mezioborová studia Střední Evropy 19. a 20. století. / Centre. Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies of Central Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries.

1 Zeszyty Naukowe Zbliżenia Cywilizacyjne

1 Fousková M.

1 Lieder W.

1 2014

1 2013

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Ku předu, ženy! Reprezentace feminity na stránkách Ženských novin před obecními volbami 1919

Norweska droga do dobrobytu. Rola Socjaldemokratów