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The Response of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee to the Crisis of Soviet Jewish Émigré Dropouts (Noshrim) in the 1970s

100%

Lazin F.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

2018

vol. 2 (47)

355–367

The JDC is an American Jewish organization that assists overseas Jewish communities in distress. It is responsible to “American Jewry” and those organizations that fund it. Bauer (1974, 19) argued that the JDC has been guided by its founding “pledge of impartiality – it steers clear of political involvements” and takes pride in being “probably the only really non-partisan organization in Jewish life.” This paper examines the role of the JDC in caring for Soviet émigrés who left on visas for Israel but chose to resettle elsewhere. They were known as “dropouts” (Noshrim in Hebrew). It also deals with the JDC policy toward recently settled Russian Jews who left Israel to resettle elsewhere. In its work with Soviet Jewish emigres did the JDC serve the interests of the Israeli government, its donors and or the emigres? Did the JDC abide by its pledge of impartiality? Did the JDC try to force them to resettle in Israel against their wishes? The paper focuses on the spring of 1976 when the number of dropouts outnumbered those resettling in Israel. This led to a joint committee of Israelis and American Jews to coordinate a response. The ‘freedom of choice’ debate ensued; should Soviet Jews resettle in Israel or have the freedom to choose where to resettle? The findings here are based on archival records in the JDC, the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS), the CJF (Jewish federations) and the American Jewish Committee (AJC). The author also conducted interviews and reviewed secondary sources. The paper should contribute to a better understanding of the JDC and its past ties to Israel and the American Jewish community.

«Пишите, покуда жив, моя жизнь минутная» О жизни и смерти на войне. (по страницам писем и дневников евреев – бойцов и командиров Красной Армии 1941-1945 гг.)

85%

Смиловицкий Л.

Studia Żydowskie. Almanach

2018

vol. 8

issue 7-8

87-110

Artykuł poświęcony jest postrzeganiu życia i śmierci przez mężczyzn na wojnie. Niniejsze opracowanie opiera się na korespondencji, listach i pamiętnikach sowieckich Żydów, jako żołnierzy Armii Czerwonej w czasie II wojny światowej, które zostały niedawno zebrane w archiwach Centrum Badań Diaspory na Uniwersytecie w Tel Awiwie (2012-2017), a teraz, po raz pierwszy, są wykorzystywane do celów akademickich. Analizując te korespondencje, autor szuka odpowiedzi na pytanie, dlaczego Żydzi ubiegali się o pobór do wojska? Czy był to przejaw sowieckiego patriotyzmu, czy chęć ochrony swoich rodzin, rodziców, żon i partnerek? Jak Żydzi czuli się w Armii Czerwonej wśród towarzyszy broni innych narodowości? Artykuł opisuje, jak walczyli i co pomogło żołnierzom przetrwać – wiara, by nie zostać zabitym; doświadczenie bojowe; umiejętne posługiwanie się bronią i sztuką wojenną; wypadek lub los. Wynika z niej, że zdrowie całego pokolenia ludzi, którzy przeżyli wojnę, było nadszarpnięte nie tylko głodem, przepracowaniem, brakiem snu, wyczerpaniem i chorobami, ale także cierpieniem psychicznym. Jednak ci, którzy dożyli zwycięstwa, nauczyli się cenić życie w sposób, którego nie mogli zrobić ci, którzy nie poszli na

The article is devoted to perceptions of life and death by men at war. This study is based on correspondence, letters and diaries of Soviet Jews, as soldiers of the Red Army during WWII, which were recently collected in the archives of the Diaspora Research Centre at Tel Aviv University (2012-2017) and now, for the first time, are being used for academic purposes. Analysing this correspondence, the author seeks an answer to the question, why did Jews seek conscription in the army? Was this a manifestation of Soviet patriotism or a desire to protect their families, parents, wives, and girlfriends? How did Jews feel in the Red Army among comrades-in-arms of other nationalities? The article describes how they fought, and what helped soldiers to survive – the belief not to be killed; combat experience; skillful handling of weapons and the art of war; accident, or fate. It concludes that the health of a whole generation of people who survived the war was undermined not only by hunger, overwork, lack of sleep, exhaustion, and disease but also by mental suffering. However, those who survived to victory learned to value life in a way that could not be done by those who did not go to war and were not familiar with death.

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1 Polish Political Science Yearbook

1 Studia Żydowskie. Almanach

1 Lazin F.

1 Смиловицкий Л.

2 2018

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The Response of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee to the Crisis of Soviet Jewish Émigré Dropouts (Noshrim) in the 1970s

«Пишите, покуда жив, моя жизнь минутная» О жизни и смерти на войне. (по страницам писем и дневников евреев – бойцов и командиров Красной Армии 1941-1945 гг.)