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EN
This article reveals industry development analysis in Ukraine during third year plan (1938–1941) in war preparation conditions. The article reveals common condition of the industry in the Republic, also industrial importance in the Soviet Union. Third five year plan targets comparison (1938–1942), surreal economic results achieved before the war in main branches of the industry. The article stresses that accelerated process of militarization of the economics takes place during the research period, also military build-up, growing imbalance between the production of means of production (industry group 'A') and the production of consumer goods (industry group 'B'). Social aspects of such a policy have been specified, including the introduction of more stringent government conditions and punitive measures against violators of labor discipline. Documents of central state archives of the Russian Federation have been used in this article, some of which have not previously been published.
EN
Presented text concerns actions of the security services of Soviet Ukraine against Poland during the election to the polish Parliament in 1922. It shows the actions of sabotage groups, spies and political bodies of Soviet Ukraine. The article discusses state of safety polish – soviet borderland on the section of Eastern Malopolska not yet joined to Poland. It shows some methods of intelligence work and the organization of sabotage activities in Poland.
PL
W artykule przeanalizowano działalność niemieckich instytucji konsularnych na terenie sowieckiej Ukrainy w latach 1922–1938. Niemieckimi przedstawicielami konsularnymi działającymi w ukraińskich miastach byli zawodowi dyplomaci, posiadający wyższe wykształcenie, doskonałą znajomość języków obcych oraz głęboką wiedzę z zakresu historii, geografii, statystyki, ekonomii politycznej i prawa międzynarodowego. Działając na Ukrainie konsulowie niemieccy poważnie traktowali swoje obowiązki służbowe: normalizację dwustronnych stosunków handlowo-gospodarczych, nawiązywanie więzi kulturowych, ochronę i pomoc obywatelom niemieckim mieszkającym w okręgu konsularnym. Jednym z ważnych aspektów działalności konsularnej było pełnienie funkcji „szpiega honorowego”.
EN
This paper focuses on the study of the activity of German consular institutions on the territory of Soviet Ukraine during 1922–1938. German consular representatives operating in Ukrainian cities were career diplomats, who had higher education, a perfect command of foreign languages, and deep knowledge in the fields of history, geography, statistics, political economy, and international law. While operating in Ukraine, German consuls were taking their official duties seriously: normalization of bilateral trade and economic relations, the establishment of cultural ties, as well as protection and assistance to German citizens living within the consular district. One of the important aspects of consular activity was the performance of the “honorary spy” functions.
EN
During the period of state transformations, fights for its territorial integrity, the restructuring and updating of all spheres of social life in new ways arouse the problems of development of national consciousness and the process of Ukraine’s integration into European cultural and economic space.Оn the public scaleof state updating the rate of human spiritualitygained an increasing value. For the development of integrated personality nowadays we need a thorough education and creation of favorable conditions under which it will be able to unleash their creativity at full extent. Each generation leaves not only material heritage to its legacy of the descendants, but also cultural and spiritual values. The main objective of today’s children are keeping the vital relay in their hands is to use the experience of past generations creatively, to increase it and to develop it in the way of human progress further. This article describes the features of the reviews, contests, festivals of children’s amateur choreography in Soviet Ukraine and determines their impact on the formation of a harmoniously developed personality of junior schoolchildren. Using search and bibliographic methods, historical and generalization methods, the main functions of choreographic art were clarified, which are based on the development of creative abilities of children of primary school age and the development of their emotional and aesthetic culture, the moral and physical health formation. The researcher analyzes concert performances of Soviet schoolchildren as a form their education by means of choreographic art. Group choreographic work in USSR was gradually expanded; improved training for leaders of schoolchildren’s dance groups, there was increase of requirement to the selection of repertoire, improved performance skills of younger students. Considerable impetus to the development of choreographic education in Ukraine during the analyzed period was a joint operation of secondary schools and extracurricular education institutions. On the basis of these institutions rallied the group of junior schoolchildren for their creative potential increasing. The conducted analysis of organization of reviews, contests and festivals of junior amateur choreographic art in the Soviet Ukraine will help to improve the educational process in the field of choreographic education in modern conditions
EN
The purpose of this research is to investigate the material world of the Ukrainian economic elites in the 1920s–1930s. The turn to the Communist ideology caused the transformation of the state’s and society’s attitude towards everyday life and the world of things. In those circumstances, wealth and luxury as characteristic features of the material world of any elite should have also lost their relevance. The material world of the Ukrainian economic elites under NEP and early Stalinism kept all signs of belonging to the higher social strata. Thus, the main objects of this research are two groups of the Ukrainian economic elites: private entrepreneurs and managers of state industrial companies, ‘nepmen’ and Soviet ‘red directors’ respectively.It is necessary to find out what were the features of wealth in Soviet times. Some other important issues arise: what the material world of the Ukrainian economic elite was during the 1920s–1930s; what the difference in the position of its various representatives was; what kind of goods ‘created’ the elitist everyday life for entrepreneurs and directors of the Soviet industry; whether it is possible to create a sort of formula of wealth in the Soviet times in the interwar period.In fact, the personal and social identity of the economic elites in the 1920s–1930s was shaped by the possession of a certain set of goods and services that emphasized the status of their owners. Some researchers, on the contrary, suggest paying attention to the immateriality as a key feature of the Soviet project as a whole. That is why the prosperous consumer groups of Soviet society could be an interesting and controversial field of research, which can lead to understanding how the ideals of equality were implemented in practice.During the 1920s and 1930s, the social class of the Soviet economic elite and its consumer culture were formed. Both for ‘nepmen’ and ‘red directors’ things had the same material value. However, the acquisition of wealth by those two groups of the economic elite took place in a different way. While private traders bought certain material assets, the Soviet managers received them, mainly through a system of state distribution for workers or through social benefits. As a result, their consumer basket included not only things of everyday consumption, but also more durable items such as real estate, vehicles and other property.To summarize, the material values, symbols of luxury and wealth, were extremely valuable for the economic elites of the 1920s–1930s. It was one of the reasons that differentiated them from other strata of Soviet society. Their consumption had statutory and demonstrative features. It was the period when shortage and closed distribution of goods transformed usual everyday things into luxury items that were available only to the higher layers. In fact, the priority of wealth as the characteristic feature of the elite led to the formation of a privileged group of Soviet society, based on the ownership of property and goods.
PL
Artykuł ma na celu zbadanie materialnego wymiaru życia ukraińskich elit ekonomicznych w latach dwudziestych i trzydziestych XX wieku. Implementacja ideologii komunistycznej spowodowała zmianę w nastawieniu państwa i społeczeństwa do życia codziennego oraz świata dóbr materialnych. W zaistniałych okolicznościach bogactwo i luksus, stanowiące wartość definiującą świat materialny każdej grupy z wyższych sfer, powinny były stracić swoją ważność. Tenże aspekt świata ukraińskich elit gospodarczych pod rządami NEP i wczesnego stalinizmu zachował wszystkie oznaki przynależności do wyższych warstw społecznych. Głównym obiektem niniejszej analizy są dwie grupy społeczne: prywatni przedsiębiorcy (nepmen) oraz zarządcy państwowych przedsiębiorstw przemysłowych, sowieccy czerwoni dyrektorzy.Istotnym punktem pracy jest zdefiniowanie cech bogactwa w czasach radzieckich. Ponadto, w tekście wyłaniają się również inne ważne do poruszenia kwestie, to jest: nakreślenie obrazu materialnego świata ukraińskiej elity gospodarczej w latach dwudziestych i trzydziestych XX w., wyznaczenie różnic w pozycji społecznej różnych jej przedstawicieli, określenie jakie dobra kontrybuowały w tworzeniu ekskluzywnego życia codziennego przedsiębiorców oraz dyrektorów przemysłu radzieckiego. Autorka zadaje pytanie o to, czy możliwe jest stworzenie pewnego rodzaju przepisu na zdobycie bogactwa w czasach radzieckich okresu międzywojennego.W rzeczywistości, osobista i społeczna tożsamość elit ekonomicznych w latach dwudziestych i trzydziestych XX w. definiowana była przez dostęp do określonego zestawu dóbr i usług, które podkreślały status ich właścicieli. Przeciwne zdanie wyrażają niektórzy z badaczy, którzy sugerują konieczność zwrócenia uwagi na niematerialne aspekty jako kluczową cechę projektu sowieckiego jako całości. Ze względu na tą dwojakość poglądów dobrze usytuowane grupy konsumenckie społeczeństwa radzieckiego mogą być interesującym, kontrowersyjnym obszarem badawczym, którego badanie doprowadzić może do zrozumienia w jaki sposób ideały równościowe realizowane były w praktyce.W latach dwudziestych i trzydziestych XX w. pojawiła się nowa klasa społeczna, a wraz z nią charakterystyczna dla niej kultura konsumpcyjna. Zarówno nepmeni, jak i czerwoni dyrektorowie przypisywali rzeczom tą samą wartość materialną. Niemniej obie z tych grup dochodziły do bogactwa w inny sposób. Prywatni przedsiębiorcy zdobywali pewne dobra materialne drogą zakupu, podczas gdy radzieccy kierownicy otrzymywali je za pośrednictwem systemu państwowej dystrybucji lub pomocy socjalnej. Okoliczności te sprawiły, że w ich koszyku konsumenckim znalazły się nie tylko przedmioty codziennego użytku, ale również obiekty bardziej trwałe – nieruchomości, pojazdy oraz inny dobytek.Podsumowując, obiekty materialne – symbole luksusu i bogactwa, były niesamowicie cenne dla elit ekonomicznych tamtych lat. Odróżniały one te grupy od innych warstw społeczeństwa radzieckiego. Ich konsumpcja sygnalizowała przynależność do grupy i stanowiła jej gwarant. Lata dwudzieste i trzydzieste XX w. były okresem, w którym deficyt towarów oraz ich zamknięta dystrybucja uczyniły przedmioty codziennego użytku przedmiotami luksusowymi, dostępnymi jedynie dla wyższych warstw. Priorytet gromadzenia bogactwa, jako cechy charakterystycznej dla elit, doprowadził do powstania uprzywilejowanej grupy społeczeństwa radzieckiego, wywodzącej swoje korzenie z posiadania dóbr i własności.
UK
The purpose of this research is to investigate the material world of Ukrainian economic elites in 1920-1930s. The turn to the Communist ideology caused the transformation of the state’s and society’s attitude towards the everyday life and the world of things. In those circumstances wealth, luxury, as characteristic features of the material world of any elite, should have also lost its relevance. The material world of the Ukrainian economic elites under NEP and early Stalinism kept all signs of belonging to the higher social strata. Thus, the main objects of this research are two groups of Ukrainian economic elites: private entrepreneurs and managers of state industrial companies, “nepmen” and Soviet “red directors” respectively.It is necessary to find out what were the features of wealth in Soviet times? What was the material world of the Ukrainian economic elite during the 1920s-1930s? What was the difference in the position of its various representatives? What kind of goods “created” the elite everyday life for entrepreneurs and directors of Soviet industry? Is it possible to create a sort of formula of wealth in Soviet times in the interwar peiod?In fact, the personal and social identity of the economic elites in the 1920s-1930s was shaped by the possession of a certain set of goods and services that emphasized the status of their owner. Some researchers, on the contrary, suggest to pay attention on the immateriality as a key feature of the Soviet project as a whole. That is why the prosperous consumer groups of Soviet society could be an interesting and controversial field of research, which can lead to understanding how were implemented the ideals of equality in practice.During the 1920s and 1930s, the social class of the Soviet economic elite and its consumption culture was formed. Both for “nepman” and “red director” things represented the same material value. However, the acquisition of wealth by those two groups of the economic elite took place in a different way. When a private trader bought certain material assets, the Soviet manager received them, mainly through a system of state distribution for workers or through the though social benefits. As a result, his consumer basket included not only things of everyday consumption, but also more durable items such as real estate, vehicles and other property.To summarize, the material values, symbols of luxury and wealth, were extremely valuable for the economic elites of 1920-1930s. It was one of the reasons that differed them from the others strata of Soviet society. Their consumption had the statutory and demonstrative features. It was the period when shortage and closed distribution of goods transformed usual everyday things into luxury items that were only available to the higher circles. In fact, the priority of wealth as the characteristic features of the elite, led to the formation of privileged group of Soviet society, based on the ownership of property and goods.
EN
The article presents selected aspects of the social and religious life of the Roman Catholic community of Lviv in the Soviet Union over the years 1945-1991. The Catholic Church in the Polish territories annexed by the USSR was subordinated to communist legislation, which fought religion and spread atheism. Ecclesiastical structures were dismantled, and the clergy and believers were repressed. Despite this, the Church as a community of believers continued and used various opportunities for continued activity. The article presents the attitudes of the Lviv clergy towards the Soviet authorities and their covert pastoral activity among the faithful. Particular attention was paid to the clergy who became symbols of the Lviv pastoral care after World War II. They were priests: Karol Jastrzębski, Stanisław Płoszyński, Zygmunt Hałuniewicz and Rafał Władysław Kiernicki, a Franciscan.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wybrane aspekty życia społeczno-religijnego rzymskokatolickiej społeczności Lwowa w Związku Sowieckim w latach 1945-1991. Kościół katolicki na ziemiach polskich przyłączonych do ZSRS został podporządkowany prawodawstwu komunistycznemu, które walczyło z religią i szerzyło ateizm. Struktury kościelne zostały zlikwidowane, a duchowieństwo i wierni poddani represjom. Pomimo tego Kościół jako wspólnota wierzących trwał oraz wykorzystywał różne możliwości do dalszej działalności. W artykule ukazano postawy lwowskiego duchowieństwa wobec władz sowieckich oraz ich niejawną aktywność duszpasterską wśród wiernych. Szczególną uwagę skupiono na duchownych, którzy stali się symbolami lwowskiego duszpasterstwa po II wojnie światowej. Byli to księża: Karol Jastrzębski, Stanisław Płoszyński, Zygmunt Hałuniewicz i Rafał Władysław Kiernicki, farnciszkanin.
EN
This text discusses the relationship between Polish classical philologists, representing the Jan Kazimierz University in Lwów (today Lviv in Ukraine) and the Polish Philological Society (especially Professor Ryszard Ganszyniec) and Andriy S. Kocevalov, a classical philologist and historian of antiquity from Soviet Ukraine, specifically from Kharkiv. These contacts resulted in the publication of scientific works by Kocevalov in Poland in the interwar period. The author's considerations shed a new light on the issue of scientific contacts between scholars of antiquity from Poland and Soviet Ukraine between the First and Second World Wars, although they obviously do not exhaust the problem. In a broader research perspective, they are also a contribution to the analysis of intricate and difficult Polish–Soviet scientific relations in the interwar period, and at the same time they clearly prove that despite the existence of political barriers, cooperation between scholars from both countries could develop, although obviously in a rather limited dimension.
PL
W niniejszym tekście omówiono związki pomiędzy polskimi uczonymi, reprezentującymi Uniwersytet Jana Kazimierza we Lwowie oraz Polskie Towarzystwo Filologiczne (w tym zwłaszcza profesorem Ryszardem Ganszyńcem) a filologiem klasycznym i historykiem starożytności z Charkowa – Andrijem S. Kocewałowem. Zaowocowały one ukazaniem się w Polsce prac naukowych pióra Kocewałowa. Rozważania autora rzucają niewątpliwie nowe światło na zagadnienie kontaktów naukowych badaczy antyku z Polski i radzieckiej Ukrainy w okresie międzywojennym, choć oczywiście nie wyczerpują tej problematyki. Stanowią też – w szerszej perspektywie badawczej – przyczynek do analizy zawiłych i trudnych polsko-radzieckich relacji naukowych w okresie dwudziestolecia międzywojennego, a zarazem jednoznacznie świadczą , że pomimo istnienia barier politycznych współpraca pomiędzy uczonymi z obu krajów mogła się rozwijać, choć oczywiście w dosyć ograniczonym wymiarze.
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