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1

The first enlargement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization The United States Of America and its role in the process of the accession af Greece And Turkey to the NATO

100%

Koura J.

Dvacáté století - The Twentieth Century

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2013

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vol. 5

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issue 1

30-46

EN

This study deals with the circumstances that led to the accession of Greece and Turkey to NATO in 1952. One of the main aims of this study is to analyze which role the United States played in this process. The first part briefly analyzes the reasons for the U.S. involvement in the Eastern Mediterranean after World War II. The author also deals with the reasons why Greece and Turkey did not join NATO already in 1949. The last part analyzes the reasons why the United States and other founding members of NATO changed during the years 1950–1951 their opinions and Greece and Turkey invited to NATO in 1952. Although, the emphasis is placed on changes in U.S. foreign and security policy after the outbreak of the Korean War as well as other international problems.

CS

Tato studie se zabývá okolnostmi, které vedly k přijetí Řecka a Turecka do Severoatlantické aliance v roce 1952. Zvláštní důraz je kladen na to, jakou roli v celém procesu rozšíření NATO o tyto dva státy východního Středomoří sehrály Spojené státy americké. První část v krátkosti analyzuje, z jakých důvodů se USA začaly o východní Středomoří po druhé světové válce zajímat a proč převzaly po roce 1947 v této oblasti velmocenskou roli po Velké Británie. Dále se autor zabývá příčinami, které vedly k nepřijetí Řecka a Turecka do NATO již v roce 1949, kdy byla Severoatlantická aliance založena. Poslední část analyzuje důvody, jež přiměly Spojené státy i ostatní zakládající členy NATO změnit během let 1950–1951 na celou problematiku názor a Řecko a Turecko do Severoatlantické aliance přizvat. Důraz je přitom kladen na změny v americké zahraniční a bezpečnostní politice, k nimž došlo v souvislosti s vypuknutí Korejské války i dalším mezinárodně‑politickým okolnostem.

2

Stalinův černý apoštol: afroamerický zpěvák Paul Robeson v Československu

88%

Schormová F.

Soudobé dějiny (Contemporary History)

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2021

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vol. 28

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issue 1

183-213

EN

Paul Robeson (1898–1976), an African American singer, athlete, actor, and Leftist political activist, visited Czechoslovakia in 1929, 1945, 1949, and 1959. He was in contact with official Czechoslovak structures, was writing about Czech music, and learning Czech. This article focuses especially on his 1949 visit and Robeson’s economic and artistic relations to Czechoslovakia. It also explores the broader context of relations between Czechoslovakia and the Afro-American community against the backdrop of the early Cold War, decolonization processes, and the onset of the Civil Rights movement in the United States. In doing so, it also looks at mechanism of cultural exchange within the Radical Leftist internationalist networks, including the dominant role Robeson played as the “introducer” of African American music and culture in Czechoslovakia during the 1950s, and also at views of Czechoslovak cultural intermediaries, such as writer Josef Škvorecký (1924–2012) or musicologist, journalist and music critic Lubomír Dorůžka (1924–2013), on jazz and African American spirituals, which contrasted with those of Robeson. In the Czech context, Robeson is mainly remembered through Škvorecký’s critical comments, labelling Robeson “Stalin’s Black Apostle”. US accounts of Robeson, on the other hand, have often, and until recently, presented a depoliticized version of Robeson, understating the importance of his international activities. A view of Robeson’s career based on Czech and US archival sources, as well as new studies on Robeson and the internationalist networks within which he was operating, cast doubts on both of these narratives and offer a chance to reconsider and re-evaluate this historical figure and the transnational dynamics that brought him to Czechoslovakia.

3

Charta 77 v americkém "překladu": obraz československého disentu v americkém tisku v roce 1977

63%

James P.

Soudobé dějiny (Contemporary History)

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2023

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vol. 30

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issue 2

443-492

EN

The study traces how the American press covered Charter 77's appearances in the first year of its existence, a subject hitherto unstudied. Czechoslovak dissent attracted international attention after major Western newspapers published the constitutive "Charter 77 Declaration" of January 1, 1977. The subsequent prosecution of the Charter's spokespersons and other signatories sparked a wave of protest and support in the West. The interest of the Western media was crucial for the dissidents, as it was the main way to inform the international public about their activities, and often the only way to get some protection against domestic repression. The situation in Czechoslovakia in the early months of 1977 was also monitored by the media and government authorities in the United States. The author finds, however, that of the major American newspapers, only The Christian Science Monitor, The New York Times, and, to a lesser extent, The Washington Post reported on the Charter on a regular basis. She introduces five journalists who reported on the subject more consistently on these platforms (and in some magazines, too). These were Eric Bourne (1909-1999), Malcolm W. Browne (1931-2012), Michael Getler (1935-2018), Paul Hofmann (1912-2008), and Charles W. Sawyer (born 1941). She examines their professional careers and their engagement in Czechoslovak affairs, introduces their reflections on dissent and the conditions in the Eastern Bloc countries, and characterizes their typical approach and point of view in the context of the American journalism of their time. She chronicles their trips to Czechoslovakia and meetings with dissidents in the first months of 1977, which usually ended with their expulsion from the country, and juxtaposes their journalism and memoirs with State Security documents. In doing so, she shows the problematic contexts in which they reported on Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, and suggests certain shifts and distortions to which the ideas and activities of Czechoslovak dissent were subjected in their mediation and "translation" for the American press. It was this "translation", complicated by the limited contacts American journalists had with dissidents, that mattered more to the media image of the Charter trought the United States of 1977 than the original ideas of Jan Patočka or Václav Havel. It can be concluded that American journalists represented the dissident movement in the long run as a continuation of the Second World War conflict, which the dissidents had shifted to a field of competing political, economic, ethical, and philosophical ideas and visions.

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The first enlargement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization The United States Of America and its role in the process of the accession af Greece And Turkey to the NATO

Stalinův černý apoštol: afroamerický zpěvák Paul Robeson v Československu

Charta 77 v americkém "překladu": obraz československého disentu v americkém tisku v roce 1977