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EN
Searches by SVD fathers assembly space for a new facility in East Prussia in 1918 resulted. Permit for purchasing property in cash. On the initiative of werbisty A. Marquart was given the new name of the Bishop Adalbert facility. It seems that this patronage tie in with great interest the missionary character of the lands in East Prussia. Already from the first half. The nineteenth century. At Konigsberg „Albertin” undertaken research on the missionof St. Adalbert. Arrangements Protestant investigators, led the scientific community Warmia (Ermland) joined to the scientific debate, in particular, that the Poles residing in these landsrevived memories of the place of the alleged martyrdom of St. Adalbert Tękity Vistula Lagoon.
EN
The paper first adumbrates the issue of coins as a source of information from which historian and other researchers can study the past. The Czech coinage of the tenth and eleventh century is shown as a very complex issue. The paper seeks to explore two of them. One is the origin of Emma Regina, whose coins were supposedly minted in Mielnik. Having presented and briefl y analysed medievalists’ hypotheses concerning the origin of Emma, the author concurred with the hypothesis of her French origin. Next, the article examines a coin referred to as denarius episcopi, i.e., minted by an unnamed bishop. Having emended the coins’ inscription, S. Suchodolski has resolved the problems the source hitherto posed in historiography.
XX
The paper attempts to examine nature as a theme in the five oldest hagiographical texts on St. Adalbert: “The First Life of St. Adalbert” (Sancti Adalberti Pragensis episcopi et martyris vita prior), “The Second Life of St. Adalbert” (Vita et passio s. Adalberti altera), “The Martyrdom of St. Adalbert” (Pasio Sancti Adalperti martiris), the life on the “Tempore illo” incipit (De sancto Adalberto episcopo), and “The Miracles of St. Adalbert” (Miracula sancti Adalberti). A short introduction into the topic of the medieval perception of nature is followed by a characteristic of the texts. The core of the paper is an analysis of the fragments of the texts where nature is being described. In approximately 30,000 words, a couple of dozen uses of nature-related motifs are counted. Their metaphorical, symbolic, and rhetorical interpretation is discussed. The conclusion of the paper consists of the observation of the medieval concept of depicting sanctity: from relative realism to idealisation and conventionalisation.
EN
An ideal of nation and freedom, characteristic of the 19th century, constituted the grounds for the patriotic image of St. Adalbert. In the circumstances of the loss of national independence, the first patron saint of the motherland managed to thrive as a potent symbol of independent Poland. An analysis of selected texts of patriotic and religious propaganda revealed its background. It is the language of myth that transforms the historic person of Wojciech (Adalbert) Slawnikowicz into a model hero, who makes a comeback to the glorious and commendable beginnings in the history of the nation possible in order to restore the religious and independent Poland.
PL
Fenomen św. Wojciecha, jego długiego, bo już tysiącletniego trwania w świadomości zbiorowej Polaków, jest niezmiernie interesującym problemem badawczym. Legendę biskupa męczennika można odczytywać w rozmaity sposób. Jedną z propozycji jest interpretacja znaczeniowa podjęta przez autorkę, a w szczególności mit „herosa początku” pojawiający się w różnych konfiguracjach, między innymi w legendach heraldycznych.
EN
Since the beginning of its existence, the Polish Church took an active part in the Christianization of the neighbouring pagan peoples. One of its missionary areas was the land inhabited by the Prussians. These missions were conducted in three stages. The first one was the mission undertaken by Saint Wenceslaus under the patronage of duke Boleslaw the Valiant (Polish: Bolesław Chrobry). During this mission St Wenceslaus died a martyr’s death, which was used as a factor promoting the Polish Church while creating metropolitan church organization in 1000. The second stage was the missionary activity at the time of Henryk Kietlicz, the archbishop of Gniezno, at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries, which was interrupted by the appearance of the Teutonic Order in Prussia. The action of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia was the third stage of Christianization. However, this evangelization was the German method of conducting a mission- that is to say, by the sword. The objective of the Teutonic Knights was to create their own state in Prussia rather than convert pagans to Christianity. The description of these processes was based on the Annals of Jan Dlugosz, which shows how the memories of those events were retained.
EN
The authors describe the history of two images of St. Adalbert created in the technique and canon of writing Orthodox icons. Atanas Kameshev, a Bulgarian Orthodox iconographer, created both images. The first of them, asso ciated with the Gniezno Synods-Reunions tradition, which began in 2000, was hung in the local cathedral. The second, made several years later on the Mayor of Gniezno’s request, was to be presented to Pope John Paul II. It eventually found a home on the altar of Rome’s San Bartolomeo church.
EN
In the 1890s, Evangelical services in Regerteln/Rogiedle were celebrated at the local school. The appointment of a priest, Rev Carl Richard Hilbrandt, in 1894, was viewed as an opportunity to change this situation. At that time, it was planned that a church in Rogiedle would be built. In 1897, the 900th anniversary of the martyrdom of St. Adalbert, the Apostle of Prussia, was celebrated. Considering this, the construction of the said building would become a lasting remembrance of this anniversary. However, it was not possible to implement the project at that time. The project of a temple with 236 seats was prepared by Klehmet, the district construction inspector. Ebeling, a builder, was commissioned to perform the construction works commenced in the first half of 1900. The church was blessed on 13 December 1900, in the presence of Church authorities and state authorities of the East Prussia province. A large part of the construction expenses was covered by the Gustav-AdolfVerein, which supported Evangelical religious institutions situated in the diaspora areas.
PL
W latach dziewięćdziesiątych XIX wieku nabożeństwa ewangelickie w Rogiedlach sprawowano w tamtejszej szkole. Szansę na zmianę tej sytuacji upatrywano w ustanowieniu duszpasterza w tej miejscowości, którym został w 1894 r. ks. Carl Richard Hilbrandt. Wówczas powzięto zamiar wybudowania świątyni w Rogiedlach. W 1897 r. obchodzono 900. rocznicę męczeńskiej śmierci św. Wojciecha Apostoła Prus. Z tego względu budowa wspomnianego obiektu sakralnego miała stać się trwałą pamiątką tego jubileuszu, jednakże nie udało się wówczas zrealizować opisywanego przedsięwzięcia. Projekt świątyni na 236 miejsc siedzących opracował powiatowy inspektor budowlany Klehmet. Prace budowlane, które zainicjowano w pierwszym półroczu 1900 r., zlecono budowniczemu Ebelingowi. Poświęcenie kościoła odbyło się już 13 grudnia 1900 r. w obecności władz kościelnych i państwowych prowincji wschodniopruskiej. Znaczną część kosztów budowlanych sfinansował Związek Gustawa Adolfa, wspierający ewangelickie placówki duszpasterskie położone na obszarach diaspory.
EN
In the delivered paper is given a question concerning the notion of moral order with a special reference to law. The moral order – as we can notice – is existing in various forms of understanding. This view can be at the same time a cause of different dilemmas that source is usually a divergence in treatment of his determinants, what is connected with the question of ways leading to his achievement. These questions are set generally at the context of the construction of the notion of moral order. This is also a way to its fulfilment especially then when necessary is to appeal to special personal ideological samples which indicatingus with their personal examples for the grounds, principles of functioning of the order but also showing us their borders. In this case the figures of both saints of the Church, Adalbertand Stanislaus were – and it can be considered – that they still are – important not only towards the times contemorary to them, but also being the universal timeless norms. The moral norms, the both saints professed, had been crashed with reasons of law. The creation the patterns of both saints and this, what they represented, was a grounding the foundations for the ideological development of state and nation. They have been expressed their influence on human consciousness, for the structure of state and church, to exert an influence for the forming of nation commonwealth and being also a system of values binding and uniting the size of our civilization.
PL
W artykule podjęte zostało pytanie o rozumienie pojęcia ładu moralnego, w szczególności jego odniesienie do prawa. Ład moralny, jego wielostronne rozumienie może być powodem dylematów, których źródłem jest z reguły rozbieżność podejścia do jego wyznaczników, co związane jest z pytaniem o drogi wiodące do jego osiągnięcia. Pytania te stawiane są z reguły w kontekście konstrukcji pojęcia ładu moralnego, a zarazem sposobu do jego dochodzenia, gdy niezbędne staje się odwołanie do określonych osobowych wzorców ideowych, wskazujących swoim przykładem na podstawy, zasady funkcjonowania ładu, określające jego wyznaczniki, ale także wyznaczające granice, tworzące dla jego istnienia niezbędne odniesienia. W tym przypadku postacie obu świętych Kościoła, Wojciecha i Stanisława, były – i nadal można przyjąć, że są – wyjątkowo znamienne zarówno w odniesieniu do czasów im współczesnych, jak i również jako wzorce uniwersalnie, a zarazem ponadczasowe. Wzorce moralne, które obaj święci wyznawali, zderzyły się z racjami prawa. Powstanie wzorców obu świętych i tego, co reprezentowali było położeniem fundamentów pod ideowy rozwój państwa i narodu. Pokazywały one ich wpływ na świadomość ludzką, na strukturę państwa i Kościoła, wpływając na kształtowanie wspólnoty narodu, ale będąc zarazem systemem wartości, łączącym i scalającym wymiar naszej cywilizacji.
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