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EN
The article analyzes scientific investigations of foreign and domestic researchers devoted to the causes, origins, ways and means of the Great Terror realization in the USSR (1936-1938), its influence on the activities of the Third International and the subsequent destiny of its leaders. Particular attention is paid to the role of the NKVD leadership and J. Stalin personally in the process. In the context of the problem of repression and the Great Terror, complex scientific researches are considered. It also examines the mechanisms and means of realization of terror and repression, especially on the territory of the USSR, against political opponents of J. Stalin, national minorities, functionaries of the central apparatus of the III International, national sections. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of the Soviet archives published in the first half of the 1990s and the documents (that declassified in 2015) of the Sectoral Archive of the Security Service of Ukraine that help to rethink the phenomenon of the Great Terror. Analyzing the scientific investigations about repression at the Comintern, it was concluded that, according to the researchers, it is advisable to consider the III International both the agent, the instrument and the victim of terror. That is given the simultaneous dependence of repression in the USSR and the Comintern on J. Stalin, the Politburo, the Central Bureau,) and the NKVD, which ultimately resulted into horrific consequences for both the Soviet Union and the Third International. An attempt was made to summarize the views of the problem researchers, to identify their shared visions and the most debatable questions about the problem studied.
PL
Autor prezentuje nurt „archiwalny” współczesnej literatury rosyjskiej. Otwarcie zbiorów archiwów państwowych w latach 90. było szokującym etapem dla obywateli w zrozumieniu najnowszej historii ZSRR. Znajomość tych materiałów zapoczątkowała w literaturze nowy wektor – „archiwalny”. Artykuł dotyczy dwóch tekstów współczesnej literatury rosyjskiej: powieści Saszy Filipienko Czerwony Krzyż i powieści Suhbata Aflatuniego Raj na ziemi. Wszystkie wydarzenia i zwroty akcji w tych utworach nie są fikcją literacką, ale opierają się na materiałach ze śledztw oskarżonych w latach 1937-1938: protokoły przesłuchań, akty oskarżenia, zeznania krewnych, różnego rodzaju świadectwa. Autor tekstu literackiego wypełnia luki w sprawach: buduje powiązania między protokołami przesłuchań, przywraca kontekst psychologiczny między oskarżonym a śledczymi. Dzięki tym zabiegom obraz przeszłości staje się pełny i przekonujący.
RU
Автором намечено исследование «архивного» вектора современной русской литературы. Открытие фондов государственных архивов в 1990-е годы стало для граждан шокирующим этапом в постижении недавней истории СССР. Знакомство с этими материалами инициировало новый вектор в литературе – «архивный». В статье рассмотрены два текста актуальной русской словесности: роман Саши Филипенко Красный крест и роман Сухбата Афлатуни Рай земной. Все ходы и повороты сюжетов в этих текстах – не авторский вымысел, а парадигма следственных дел обвиняемых в 1937–1938 годах: протоколы допросов, обвинительные заключения, заявления родственников, разного рода справки. Автор литературного текста восполняет те пробелы, которые отсутствуют в делах: выстраивает связки между протоколами допросов, восстанавливает психологический контекст между обвиняемыми и следователями, и картина прошлого становится полной и убедительной.
EN
The author’s intention is to study the “archival” vector of modern Russian literature. When the state archives were opened in the 1990s, it became a shock for those citizens who tried to comprehend the recent history of the USSR. Insight into these materials initiated a new vector in literature – “archival”. The article examines two contemporary Russian texts: Sasha Filipenko's novel The Red Cross and Sukhbat Aflatuni's novel The Earthly Paradise. All the plot twists in these texts are not the author's invention, but the paradigm of the political investigatory records of 1937–1938: interrogation protocols, indictments, relatives’ statements, various kinds of certificates. The narrator fills in the gaps that are missing in documents: builds links between the interrogation protocols, restores the psychological context, the relationship between the accused and the investigator, – and the picture of the past becomes complete and convincing.
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