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EN
This article presents a letter previously unknown to researchers of the Łazienki Palace by Stanisław Trembecki, the court poet, to Stanislaus Augustus, on the basis of which a reinterpretation of the Rotunda’s ideological programme has proven possible. It so turns out that a significant role in this programme must have been played by the non-extant image of the Medusa that, personifying Jealousy, would have exerted negative influences on all rules gathered in the Rotunda. One of these sovereigns, most obviously, was Stanislaus Augustus himself, personifed as Courage. The four Polish monarchs and Roman emperors were supposed to be the rules with whom the last king of Poland compared himself, each of them evoking a specific virtue. As such, the programme expressed in the Rotunda presents the exceptionaly popular motif in the art of the later half of the 18th century of exemplum virtutis.
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Mateusz Tokarski. Z dziejów kariery malarza nadwornego

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EN
The author presents the outline of the court career of Mateusz Tokarski, one of the prominent artists of Stanislaus Augustus. The story of his gradual promotion is told: from a modest stranger from the provinces admitted to study at the Proto-Academy (called the Malarnia) in Warsaw, up to becoming the Gallery Inspector of Stanislaus Augustus’ paintings; it can serve as a model court career, from the very beginning up to the end of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth related to the King.
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EN
The research output of Marek Kwiatkowski (1930-2016) collected for over 50 years is extensive, containing over 250 items: papers and monographs, these strictly academic as well as addressed to the general public. One of the last books he published was titled Moja pasja – architektura. Fakty, hipotezy [Architecture – My Passion. Facts, Hypotheses] (2012). The title was meaningful, since architectural issues dominated his writing. This must have resulted from Kwiatkowski’s youthful attempts, never actually materialized, to become an architect. Among the multitude of potential architectural questions it was the period of King Stanislaus Augustus that he was most fond of. For this to happen he must have been strongly inspired by his thesis supervisor Prof. Stanisław Lorentz who effectively instilled predilection for the architecture of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of the 18th century in his students. Another factor of major importance in this respect was Kwiatkowski’s career: he first became Curator, and subsequently Director of the Royal Łazienki in Warsaw, one of the grandest historic residences of the period. The key issues that were topics of Marek Kwiatkowski’s research covered three major fields: King Stanislaus Augustus’ artistic endeavours (particularly with respect to the Łazienki and the Royal Castle); architecture of Warsaw and Mazovia (though territorial boundaries were sometimes extended reaching as far as Greater Poland or Eastern Borderlands); as well as architects, authors of Neo-Classicist buildings from King Stanislaus Augustus’ period and the era of the Kingdom of Poland. Among the most prominent accomplishments of Marek Kwiatkowski four books he authored should be ranked. The oldest of them: Szymon Bogumił Zug, architekt polskiego klasycyzmu [Szymon Bogumił Zuch, Architect of Polish Neo-Classicism] (1971), yielded an extensive study of the life and accomplishments of one of the most remarkable artists of the Enlightenment: Stanisław August król-architekt [King-Architect Stanislaus Augustus] (1983) was the first study in Polish literature which encompassed everything that was created in architecture within the King’s circle, both the raised structures, and those left in different designs, created at his instigation and with his funding. Moreover, Kwiatkowski’s long-standing detailed research led to the monumental publication Architektura mieszkaniowa Warszawy. Od potopu szwedzkiego do powstania listopadowego [Residential Architecture in Warsaw. From the Swedish Deluge to November Uprising] (1989), showing a wide spectrum of Warsaw’s buildings: palaces and tenement houses spanning two centuries. Finally, the research into the private residence of King Stanislaus Augustus climaxed in the Wielka księga Łazienek [Grand Book of the Łazienki](2000), an extensive monograph on the splendid palace residence in the garden. These publications shall remain most noble and continuously topical Polish art history classics for decades to come.
PL
Gromadzony przez ponad półwiecze dorobek badawczy Marka Kwiatkowskiego (1930-2016) jest bardzo obszerny, liczy ponad 250 pozycji – artykułów i monografii, zarówno naukowych, jak też popularnonaukowych. Jedna z ostatnich wydanych przezeń książek została zatytułowana: Moja pasja – architektura. Fakty, hipotezy (2012). Tytuł zdaje się znaczący, gdyż rzeczywiście w jego pisarstwie zagadnienia architektoniczne dominowały w sposób bezwzględny. To niewątpliwie efekt przymiarek z czasów młodzieńczych do podjęcia w przyszłości – co nigdy się ostatecznie nie urzeczywistniło – zawodu architekta projektanta. Spośród wielu możliwych zagadnień architektonicznych najbliższa mu była epoka panowania Stanisława Augusta. W tym przypadku oddziałała siła inspirująca promotora – profesora Stanisława Lorentza, który bardzo skutecznie szczepił swoim uczniom własną predylekcję do architektury Rzeczypospolitej XVIII wieku. Innym czynnikiem, również mającym doniosły wpływ, stało się piastowane stanowisko – najpierw kuratora, a następnie dyrektora Łazienek Królewskich w Warszawie – jednej z najwspanialszych zabytkowych rezydencji owej epoki. Zagadnienia węzłowe, tematy, które w swych poszukiwaniach badawczych podejmował Marek Kwiatkowskich objęły trzy zasadnicze kręgi: poczynania artystyczne monarchy – Stanisława Augusta (zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do Łazienek oraz Zamku Królewskiego); architekturę Warszawy i Mazowsza (choć te granice terytorialne bywały niejednokrotnie przekraczane, sięgając po Wielkopolskę czy aż po Kresy Wschodnie); a także postacie architektów, twórców klasycystycznych budowli zarówno z czasów stanisławowskich, jak i z doby Królestwa Polskiego. Do najznakomitszych osiągnięć Marka Kwiatkowskiego należy zaliczyć cztery jego autorskie książki. Najstarsza z nich – Szymon Bogumił Zug, architekt polskiego klasycyzmu (1971) – przyniosła obszerne opracowanie życia i dokonań jednego z najbardziej oryginalnych twórców doby Oświecenia: Rozprawa Stanisław August król-architekt (1983) po raz pierwszy w polskim piśmiennictwie ujęła wszystko to, co w zakresie architektury – i tej zrealizowanej, i tej pozostawionej w licznych projektach – powstało w kręgu monarchy, z jego inicjatywy, z jego funduszy. Pokłosiem wielu lat prowadzonych badań szczegółowych stała się monumentalna edycja Architektura mieszkaniowa Warszawy. Od potopu szwedzkiego do powstania listopadowego (1989), gdzie nakreślona została szeroka panorama stołecznego budownictwa – pałaców i kamienic – w okresie prawie dwóch stuleci. Podsumowaniem zaś dociekań nad prywatną siedzibą króla Stanisława Augusta jest Wielka księga Łazienek (2000), będąca obszerną monografią tej pałacowo-ogrodowej rezydencji. Z pewnością publikacje owe trwać będą przez następne dekady jako najszlachetniejsza – i ciągle żywa – klasyka polskiej historii sztuki.
EN
In the article, I present an analysis of the content of the printed diary of the 1776 Sejm compared with four preserved handwritten diaries and with contemporary printed Sejm speeches. On this basis, I have indicated the elements undermining the credibility of the 1776 Sejm diary prepared by order of King Stanislaus Augustus by Adam Cieciszowski, secretary of the 1776 Sejm and an employee of the Royal Cabinet. I also present the reasons – with the king’s knowledge – he modified the text that changed the overtone of the Sejm events. In conclusion, I stress the need to study all the editions of printed Sejm diaries of King Stanislaus Augustus period.
PL
W artykule przedstawiłam analizę treści drukowanego diariusza sejmu 1776 r. w zestawieniu z czterema zachowanymi diariuszami rękopiśmiennymi oraz z drukowanymi współcześnie mowami sejmowymi. Na tej podstawie wskazałam elementy podważające wiarygodność przygotowanego na polecenie Stanisława Augusta diariusza sejmu 1776 r., którego autorem był Adam Cieciszowski, sekretarz tegoż sejmu i pracownik królewskiego Gabinetu. Przedstawiłam także powody, dla których – za wiedzą króla – dokonywał on modyfikacji zmieniających wydźwięk wydarzeń sejmowych. We wnioskach podkreśliłam konieczność podjęcia prac nad edycjami wszystkich drukowanych diariuszy stanisławowskich.
EN
The Numismatics Department of the National Museum of Ukrainian History has in its keeping a little-known, but at the same time quite extensive and extremely interesting collection of ancient coins. Its core is formed by a collection which originally belonged to King Stanislaus Augustus. In its day it was the most magnificent Polish collection of coins and medals of recognized European rank. The collection went through rather complicated changes of fortune: e.g., by way of the Volhyn High School in Krzemieniec and Vilnius University it finally found it way to Kyïv. There it was initially kept at the University of Saint Vladimir as a part of coin room (Paweł Jarkowski, former librarian of the Krzemieniec High School was its organizor and keeper). Then it passed by the way of Peczersk Lavra to the National Museum of Ukrainian History. Until the Bolshevik Revolution it continued to grow, first through donations and acquisitions, and then also thanks to coins from excavations. Piercing or adding suspension loops was typical of gold Roman coins in the territory of Barbaricum, particularly those associated with the Dancheny-Brangstrup archaeological horizon (which linked the region of the lower Danube with Denmark by the way of Wielbark and Cherniakhiv cultures). These additional elements, as well as the domination of denarii from the time of the Antonines in the bulk of silver coins in the Kyïv collection, indicate that a part of this collection must have originated from local finds in the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and later from the area of Volhyn and Ukraine at large. Unfortunately, due to the fact that a vast part of the archives regarding the collection had perished or cannot be traced and the collection itself had become completely disorganised by numerous relocations and putting into hiding, it is usually impossible to establish provenance of specimens. There are, however, exceptions to this rule, and one of them is a quaternio of Licinius discussed in the article. Similarly, it is often difficult to determine whether the individual coins belonged to the collection of Stanislaus Augustus, or were acquainted later in Krzemieniec or Kyïv. Some of them must have been described in detail in handwritten catalogs prepared by F. Skarbek-Rudzki in the Volhyn High School in Krzemieniec and P. Jarkowski in the University of Vilnius. So far, these manuscripts have not been located in Kyïv archives. Some specimens from the Kyïv collection, especially the unique ones, can still be linked with J. Ch. Albertrandi’s descriptions of coins from the collection of Stanislaus Augustus. It is the case of four unique coins: an aureus of Septimius Severus, medallions of Valerianus and Licinius I and solidus of Valentinianus II; these specimens kept now in Kyïv colection must originate from the collection of the last Polish King (4 figures).
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