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Jan Pazdur – historyk dawnego przemysłu Starachowic

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EN
Jan Pazdur lived in the years 1909-2000. He graduated from the history department of the Jagiellonian University, and in 1948 gained a doctorate there. He worked as a teacher in secondary schools in Kielce from 1932 to 1951, with a break in his work during the 2nd World War, when he was imprisoned in the German concentration camp in Sahsenchausen (1940-1945). From 1954, he was employed in the Institute of Material Culture of the Polish Academy of Sciences. In his work he concentrated mainly on the history of metallurgical-mining industry of Central Poland, researched old technical press, and particularly pursued studies on the creation of methodological basis of a new at that time scientific trend – history of material culture. Results of his own work, together with studies of his associates were announced in printed publications in Poland and abroad. He edited a series Studia z Dziejów Górnictwa i Hutnictwa (Studies in the History of Mining and Metallurgy) – 14 volumes in 1957-1970 – that became a worldwide sensation. Pazdur was an author of numerous books and articles, dealing to a large extent with the history of industry of so-called Old Polish district (region covering Sandomierz, Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, Kielce, Starachowice, Końskie and Olkusz). He was especially interested in development of the Kamienna valey, where in the 19th century an idea of continuous ironworks (by Stanisław Staszic, Ksawery Drucki-Lubecki, Polish Bank) was realised: at the top of the valley were mines producing pig iron, in the middle – puddling workshop, etc., and at the bottom – factories producing agricultural tools and weapons for the military. The centre of this plant was located in Starachowice, where to this day is kept an open-hearth furnace, probably the last one in Europe. That astute archive researcher and country analyst much of his attention devoted to inventorying industrial monuments that were deteriorating in Poland. He edited and published catalogues of those monuments, was co-author of the joint publication Historia kultury materialnej Polski w zarysie (An outline of the history of material culture of Poland) – 4 volumes in 1978-1979. Pazdur was the sole author of a monograph (1968) Starachowice - osiedle i zakłady do 1939 r. (Starachowice – estate and factories until 1939), which is a canon of literature of this kind. It gives a view of construction and functioning of the metallurgic continuous plant in the first half of the 19th century, and also of adaptation of its fragments during mid-war period into the Central Industrial District. Being aware of efforts to preserve industrial patrimony (especially in France), Pazdur, together with i.a. Danuta Molenda, mining history specialist, endeavoured to set up a museum protecting monuments in place where they had been established and functioned. That is how an idea of ecomuseum of industrialised area of Old Poland Kamienna valley came into being. The antique furnace in Starachowice, together with all the accompanying objects, are today a museum named after Pazdur. It is as an example of dissemination of knowledge about Old Poland mining-metallurgical industry and technology development.
PL
Artykuł jest drugą częścią pracy omawiającej działania Aparatu Bezpieczeństwa w Starachowicach wobec Kościoła rzymskokatolickiego w latach 1945-1956. Autor prezentuje w niej strukturę dekanalną i parafialną na terenie powiatu starachowickiego. Jednocześnie charakteryzuje on duchowieństwo, które posługiwało w tych placówkach duszpasterskich, jak również stan majątkowy poszczególnych parafii i mieszkających tam wiernych. Po tych wstępnych informacjach autor koncentruje się na działaniach dezintegracyjnych aparatu bezpieczeństwa, skierowanych wobec miejscowych duszpasterzy (m. in. opisuje sieć tajnych współpracowników oraz ruch tzw. „księży patriotów”). W dalszej części artykułu zaprezentowane zostały sposoby obserwacji konferencji dekanalnych oraz inwigilacji i zastraszania duchowieństwa.
EN
The article is the second part of the work discussing the functioning of the security ser-vice in Starachowice towards the Roman Catholic Church in 1945-1956 years. The author presents the diaconal and parish structure in Starachowice county. At the same time, it characterizes the clergy who ministered in these pastoral centers, as well as the property status of individual parishes and the faithful living there. After this preliminary information, the author focuses on the disintegration activities of the security service, directed towards local priests (among others, he describes the network of secret collaborators and the movement of the so-called "patriot priests"). Later in the article ways of observing the diaconal conferences as well as surveillance and intimidation of the clergy are described.
PL
Celem badań było stworzenie koncepcji zagospodarowania przestrzennego dla obszaru Łąki Michałowskie w Starachowicach. Obszar opracowania został wybrany z uwzględnieniem aspektów środowiskowych. W artykule ujęto informacje na temat rzeźby terenu, gleby, klimatu oraz zagrożenia powodziowego, z których wynika, że większość obszaru Łąki Michałowskie jest zagrożona powodzią. Fakt ten, dla realizacji celów inwestycyjnych, nakłada konieczność regulacji rzeki Kamiennej oraz budowę obwałowania przeciwpowodziowego. W następnym etapie pracy, analizie poddano Szczegółową Mapę Geologiczną Polski. Wynika z niej, że aby zatamować przepływ wody dołem, obwałowanie należałoby zbudować do osadów jurajskich, które sięgają 20 m w głąb. Taka inwestycja byłaby bardzo kosztowna, a także wymagałaby ingerencji w procesy środowiskowe, w szczególności procesy hydrologiczne. W przyszłości mogłoby się to przyczynić do degradacji oraz dewastacji środowiska przyrodniczego. W związku z powyższym, na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy środowiskowej, wybrano teren w południowej części Łąk Michałowskich, który nie jest zagrożony powodzią. Obszar ten spełnia wszelkie wymagania środowiskowe do zagospodarowania go na cele przemysłu winiarskiego oraz na stworzenie kompleksu turystyczno-wypoczynkowego. Kompleks ten ma sprzyjać rozwojowi funkcji turystycznej i rekreacyjnej oraz stanowić atrakcję dla mieszkańców miasta. W artykule, oprócz przedstawionej koncepcji, omówiono proces produkcji wina, a także wskazano gatunki winogron możliwe do uprawy na obszarze Starachowic.
EN
The study was intended to provide a spatial development concept for the Łąki Michałowskie area of Starachowice in Poland. The area was selected with environmental aspects in mind. The article includes information on the relief, soil, climate and flood risk to which most of the area is prone. This fact entailed the need for the Kamienna river to be regulated and for embankments to be built to protect from floods before construction begins. The next stage of the study was an analysis of the Detailed Geological Map of Poland which indicated that in order to prevent water from getting through below the embankments, they should reach the Jurassic deposits, up to 20m below the surface. Such an undertaking would be exceedingly expensive and would require interference in natural processes, in particular hydrological ones. In the future, this could result in the degradation or devastation of the natural environment. Taking the above into account, the conducted environmental analyses indicated an area in the southern part of Łąki Michałowskie which is free of flood risk. This area meets all the environmental criteria required for it to be used for winemaking and for building a tourism and recreation complex. The complex is to contribute to the development of tourism and recreation and serve as an attraction for the town’s inhabitants. Apart from discussing the concept, the article presents an overview of the winemaking process along with an indication of the varieties of grapes which can be cultivated in Starachowice.
EN
This article is the first part of a work discussing the functioning of the security service in Starachowice against the Roman Catholic Church during the years 1945-1956. It shows the creation and structure of the District Security Office in Starachowice, along with a brief description of the area in which it functioned. The author also focused on the presentation of executives and employees in the unit mentioned above. Recruitment by the Staracho-wicka secret police and its business operation against the Roman Catholic Church are also described.
PL
Artykuł jest pierwszą częścią pracy omawiającej działania Aparatu Bezpieczeństwa w Starachowicach wobec Kościoła rzymskokatolickiego w latach 1945-1956. Ukazuje on utworzenie i strukturę Powiatowego Urzędu Bezpieczeństwa w Starachowicach wraz z krótką charakterystyką terenu, na którym funkcjonował. Autor skupił się również na prezentacji kadry kierowniczej i zatrudnionych we wspominanej jednostce. W artykule podkreślono rolę tych funkcjonariuszy, którzy zajmowali się zwalczaniem i inwigilacją duchowieństwa oraz ludzi wierzących. Opisano również agenturę zwerbowaną przez starachowicką bezpiekę i jej działalność wymierzoną przeciwko Kościołowi rzymskokatolickiemu.
EN
The article is a contribution to the debate on the effective protection and preservation of industrial structures and sites in the Old Polish Industrial Region (OPIR) that are of unique value and importance to the cultural heritage of Poland. The Kielce area has a long tradition of mining and metallurgy and can pride itself on numerous industrial heritage structures and sites. The historic production facilities represent all stages of development of iron and steel making from the Middle Ages to modern times. It is thus essential that they should be preserved and protected appropriately. The sites with complete well-preserved production lines, forging equipment, watermills, coal-powered blast furnaces, rolling mills and puddling mills form a unique historic landscape that could become a flagship attraction for the area, taking visitors through the history of metallurgy in Poland and Eur< >pe. The paper presents the history of the industrial structures and sites of the Old Polish Industrial Region, from their beginnings, through their glory days (operation and modernization) to their deterioration. It also suggests modern methods of conservation, including the establishment of eco-museums in the basins of the Kamienna, Czarna and Bobrza rivers. This would ensure that professional management, promotion and restoration/conservation services are provided not only to the existing museums of technology but also to a large number of historic structures remaining in ruin, for example, the Nietulisko Duże Rolling Mill, the Brody Reservoir Dam, the Bobrza Retaining Wall and Steelworks, and the blast furnaces at Kuzmaki and Samsonów. It is vital that whole areas of historic industrial sites should be conserved. The formation of these open-air museums would help to raise awareness of the uniqueness of the post-industrial heritage, promote the region as a tourist destination, and educate on science and technology by learning outdoors. translated by E. Szol-Radziszewska
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